Browse Topic: Leg
Eighteen research posters were prepared and presented by student authors at the 18th Annual Injury Biomechanics Symposium. The posters covered a wide breadth of works-in-progress and recently completed projects. Topics included a variety of body regions and injury scenarios such as: Head: Defining the mass, center of mass, and anatomical coordinate system of the pig head and brain; the influence of friction on oblique helmet testing; validation of an in-ear sensor for measuring head impact exposure in American football Neck and spine: Design of paramedic mannequin neck informed by adult passive neck stiffness and range of motion data; identifying injury from flexion-compression loading of porcine lumbar intervertebral disc Thorax: Tensile material properties of costal cartilage perichondrium; finite element models of both an ovine thorax and adipose tissue for high-rate non-penetrating blunt impact Pelvis: Injurious pelvis deformation in high-speed rear-facing frontal impacts Lower
This user’s manual covers the small adult female Hybrid III test dummy. It is intended for technicians who work with this device. It covers the construction and clothing, disassembly and reassembly, available instrumentation, external dimensions and segment masses, as well as certification and inspection test procedures. It includes instructions for safe handling of the instrumented dummy, repairing dummy flesh, and adjusting the joints throughout the dummy
This user's manual covers the Hybrid III 10-year old child test dummy. The manual is intended for use by technicians who work with this test device. It covers the construction and clothing, assembly and disassembly, available instrumentation, external dimensions and segment masses, as well as certification and inspection test procedures. It includes guidelines for handling accelerometers, guidelines for flesh repair, and joint adjustment procedures. Finally, it includes drawings for some of the test equipment that is unique to this dummy
This procedure establishes a recommended practice for performing a lumbar flexion test to the Hybrid III 50th male anthropomorphic test device (ATD or crash dummy). This test was created to satisfy the demand from industry to have a certification test which characterizes the lumbar without interaction of other dummy components. In the past, there have not been any tests to evaluate the performance of Hybrid III 50th lumbar
The purpose of this document is to provide the user with the procedures needed to properly assemble and disassemble the 50th percentile male Hybrid III dummy, certify its components and verify its mass and dimensions. Also within this manual are guidelines for handling accelerometers, repairing flesh and setting joints
This procedure establishes a recommended practice for performing a Low Speed Thorax Impact Test to the Hybrid III Small Female Anthropomorphic Test Device (ATD or crash dummy). This test was created to satisfy the demand by the industry to have a certification test which results in peak chest deflection similar to current full vehicle, frontal impact tests. An inherent problem exists with the current certification procedure because the normal (6.7 m/s) thorax impact test has test results for peak chest deflection that are greater than those currently seen in full vehicle, frontal tests. The intent of this document is to develop a low speed thorax certification procedure for the H-III5F dummy with a 3.0 m/s impact similar to the SAE J2779 procedure for the H-III50M dummy
The Insurance Institute of Highway Safety (IIHS) introduced driver side small overlap test in 2012 and added the passenger side small overlap test in 2018 to the top safety pick plus ratings requirement. The injury of a passenger’s outboard right foot in the passenger-side small overlap rigid barrier (PSORB) test is of more concern compared to the driver’s outboard left foot in the driver-side small overlap rigid barrier (DSORB) test. The reason is, the passenger’s right foot is positioned just above the carpet on the toe pan, and is closer to the barrier during the PSORB impact event, unlike the driver’s outboard left foot in DSORB, which rests on a stiff foot rest. So it is often necessary to develop countermeasures to protect the passenger from lower leg injuries. This paper describes a time efficient method to model the PSORB occupant sled model using finite element modeling and it also demonstrates the model’s application in the process of countermeasure development for the
Field accident data and vehicle crash and sled testing indicate that occupant kinematics, loading, and associated injury risk generally increase with crash severity. Further, these data demonstrate that the use of restraints, such as three-point belts, provides mitigation of kinematics and reduction in loading and injury potential. This study evaluated the role of seat belts in controlling occupant kinematics and reducing occupant loading in moderate severity frontal collisions. Frontal tests with belted and unbelted anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs) in the driver and right front passenger seats were performed at velocity changes (delta-Vs) of approximately 19 kph (12 mph) and 32 kph (20 mph) without airbag deployment. At the lower-moderate severity (19 kph), motion of the belted ATDs was primarily arrested by seat belt engagement, while motion of the unbelted ATDs was primarily arrested by interaction with forward vehicle structures. Occupant loading and injury risk was generally
This SAE Standard provides the specifications and procedures for using the H-point machine (HPM1) to audit vehicle seating positions. The HPM is a physical tool used to establish key reference points and measurements in a vehicle (see Figure 1 and Appendix A). The H-point design tool (HPD) is a simplified CAD2 version of the HPM, which can be used in conjunction with the HPM to take the optional measurements specified in this document, or used independently during product design (see Appendix D). These H-point devices provide a method for reliable layout and measurement of occupant seating compartments and/or seats. This document specifies the procedures for installing the H-point machine (HPM) and using the HPM to audit (verify) key reference points and measurements in a vehicle. The devices are intended for application at designated seating positions. They are not to be construed as tools that measure or indicate occupant capabilities or comfort. They are not intended for use in
Researchers have developed new software that can enable people using robotic prosthetics or exoskeletons to walk in a safer, more natural manner on different types of terrain. The new framework incorporates computer vision into prosthetic leg control and includes robust artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms that allow the software to better account for uncertainty
This SAE Standard provides safety requirements for vacuum excavation and sewer cleaning equipment. This document is not intended to cover equipment addressed by other on-road federal, state, and local regulations. Truck-mounted or trailer-mounted vehicles are required to meet local or regional on-road requirements, as applicable
The devices of this SAE Standard provide the means by which passenger compartment dimensions can be obtained using a deflected seat rather than a free seat contour as a reference for defining seating space. All definitions and dimensions used in conjunction with this document are described in SAE J1100. These devices are intended only to apply to the driver side or center occupant seating spaces and are not to be construed as instruments which measure or indicate occupant capabilities or comfort. This document covers only one H-point machine installed on a seat during each test. Certified H-point templates and machines can be purchased from: SAE International 400 Commonwealth Drive Warrendale, PA 15096-0001 Specific procedures are included in Appendix A for seat measurements in short- and long-coupled vehicles and in Appendix B for measurement of the driver seat cushion angle. Specifications and a calibration inspection procedure for the H-point machine are given in Appendix C
Automotive accidents and subsequent personal injury claims incur substantial costs annually. While three-point restraint usage, dual-stage airbags, and knee bolster and side curtain airbags have become more ubiquitous and, in some cases, governmentally mandated for front seat occupants, occupant safety and injury risk assessment continue to be at the forefront of automotive innovation. In this study, we combined analyses of the National Automotive Sampling System Crashworthiness Data System (NASS-CDS; 2007-2015) and the Crash Investigation Sampling System (CISS; 2017) with data acquired from vehicle-to-vehicle crash tests conducted with instrumented anthropomorphic test device (ATD) occupants. Together, these analyses were used to compare and relate field injury rates with potential injury mechanisms in low- to moderate-speed frontal collisions. First, low- to moderate-speed (delta-V ≤ 24 km/h) frontal crash data from NASS-CDS and CISS were analyzed to estimate the rate of AIS 2+ and
The objective of this study was to generate biomechanical corridors from post-mortem human subjects (PMHS) in two different seatback recline angles in 56 km/h sled tests simulating a rear-facing occupant during a frontal vehicle impact. PMHS were placed in a production seat which included an integrated seat belt. To achieve a repeatable configuration, the seat was rigidized in the rearward direction using a reinforcing frame that allowed for adjustability in both seatback recline angle and head restraint position. The frame contained instrumentation to measure occupant loads applied to the head restraint and seatback. To measure PMHS kinematics, the head, spine, pelvis, and lower extremities were instrumented with accelerometers and angular rate sensors. Strain gages were attached to anterior and posterior aspects of the ribs, as well as the mid-shaft of the femora and tibiae, to determine fracture timing. A chestband was installed at the mid sternum to quantify chest deformation
This SAE standard provides safety requirements for vacuum excavation and sewer cleaning equipment. This document is not intended to cover equipment addressed by other on-road federal, state, and local regulations. Truck-mounted or trailer-mounted vehicles are required to meet local or regional on-road requirements, as applicable
General criteria are presented as guidelines for: control device location, resistance, and actuation of hand and foot controls by the machine’s operator. The criteria are based upon physical limitations as defined by human factors engineering principles
As pedestrian protection tests and evaluations have been officially incorporated into new C-NCAP, more stringent requirements have been placed on pedestrian protection performance. In this study, in order to reduce the injury of the vehicle front end structure to the pedestrian's lower extremity during the collision, the advanced pedestrian legform impactor (aPLI) model was used in conjunction with the finite element vehicle model for collision simulation based on the new C-NCAP legform test evaluation regulation. This paper selected the key components which have significant influences on the pedestrian's leg protection performance based on the CAE vehicle model, including front bumper, front-cover plate, upper impact pillar, impact beam and lower support plate, to form a simplified model and conducted parametric modeling based on it. Then, the variable correlation analysis was carried out on the sample results obtained from the design of experiment (DOE), and the contribution analysis
Occupant dynamics during passenger vehicle underride has not been extensively evaluated. The present study examined the occupant data from IIHS rear underride crash tests. A total of 35 crash tests were evaluated. The tests were classified as full-width (n = 9), 50% overlap (n = 11), and 30% overlap (n = 15). A 2010 Chevrolet Malibu impacted the rear underride guard of a stationary trailer at 35 mph. Several occupant kinematics and dynamics data including head accelerations, head injury criteria, neck shear and axial forces, neck moments, neck indices, chest acceleration, chest displacement, chest viscous criterion, sternum deflection rate, and left/right femur forces/impulses, knee displacements, tibia axial forces, upper/lower tibia moments, upper/lower tibia indices, and foot accelerations were measured. The vehicle accelerations, delta-Vs, and occupant compartment intrusions were also evaluated. The results indicated that the head and neck injury parameters were positively
With growing environmental concerns associated with gas-powered vehicles and busier city streets, micro-mobility modes, including traditional bicycles and new technologies, such as electric scooters (e-scooters), are becoming solutions. In 2018, e-scooter usage overtook other shared micro-mobility modes with over 38 million e-scooter trips taken. Concurrently, the societal concern regarding the safety of these devices is also increasing. To examine the types of injuries associated with e-scooters and bicycles, the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS), a probability sample of US hospitals that collects information from emergency room (ER) visits related to consumer products, was utilized. Records from September 2017 to December 2018 were extracted, and those associated with powered scooters were identified. Injury distributions by age, sex, race, treatment, diagnosis, and location on the body were explored. The number of person-trips was obtained to perform a risk
Lower extremity injuries caused by floor plate impacts through the axis of the lower leg are a major source of injury and disability for civilian and military vehicle occupants. A collection of PMHS pendulum impacts was revisited to obtain data for paired booted/unbooted test on the same leg. Five sets of paired pendulum impacts (10 experiments in total) were found using four lower legs from two PMHS. The PMHS size and age was representative of an average young adult male. In these tests, a PMHS leg was impacted by a 3.4 or 5.8 kg pendulum with an initial velocity of 5, 7, or 10 m/s (42-288 J). A matching LS-DYNA finite element model was developed to replicate the experiments and provide additional energy, strain, and stress data. Simulation results matched the PMHS data using peak values and CORA curve correlations. Experimental forces ranged between 1.9 and 12.1 kN experimentally and 2.0 and 11.7 kN in simulation. Combat boot usage reduced the peak force by 36% experimentally (32% in
Limited data exist on the injury tolerance and biomechanical response of humans to high-rate, under-body blast (UBB) loading conditions that are commonly seen in current military operations, and there are no data examining the influence of occupant posture on response. Additionally, no anthropomorphic test device (ATD) currently exists that can properly assess the response of humans to high-rate UBB loading. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to examine the response of post-mortem human surrogates (PMHS) in various seated postures to high-rate, vertical loading representative of those conditions seen in theater. In total, six PMHS tests were conducted using loading pulses applied directly to the pelvis and feet of the PMHS: three in an acute posture (foot, knee, and pelvis angles of 75°, 75°, and 36°, respectively), and three in an obtuse posture (15° reclined torso, and foot, knee, and pelvis angles of 105°, 105°, and 49.5°, respectively). Tests were conducted with a seat
The frontal impact is the most common vehicle crash type in accidents involving cars. During a vehicle frontal impact, the injuries are caused by occupant body moving forward and impacting the vehicle interior parts. The performance of the vehicle body and the interior parts design may influence on the occupant injury levels. Injuries in the occupant lower body are usually affected by the vehicle lower body deformation and the design of the interior lower parts (lower instrument panel, pedals, floor and footrest). When the purpose is to reduce the injury of a specific body region, the modification of the interior part design can be more effective in terms of impacts in mass, costs and development time than a modification in the vehicle body. The objective of the study was to develop a new footrest design to reduce the injury level of the left driver leg in a frontal crash condition. It was also evaluated the influence of the vehicle body deformation on the driver leg injury. There were
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