Browse Topic: Electric hybrid power

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Powertrain Components Aging Model Selection for Energy Efficient Vehicles: Selection Strategy and Challenges2025-01-85414/1/2025
The long-term performance of powertrain components in energy-efficient vehicles, particularly in Class 8 heavy-duty applications, is crucial for sustaining energy efficiency. However, these components degrade over time, impacting performance and highlighting the need for appropriate aging models to estimate the impact of aging. This study aims to identify and select appropriate aging models for two critical powertrain components: battery and electric machine. Through a comprehensive literature review, the primary aging processes, key influencing factors, and available aging models for these components are identified. A selection matrix is established, considering the model complexity, the model accuracy, and the volume of data required while maintaining the desired precision for the powertrain component models. Based on the selection matrix, an appropriate battery aging model is chosen for the vehicle’s battery. This model was selected for its ability to effectively capture the aging process and estimate capacity degradation with reasonable accuracy while remaining computationally efficient. For the electric machine, a thermal-based aging model is chosen to account for dynamic operations and temperature effects, which are crucial for understanding the aging behavior of the electric machine. The selected battery aging model is calibrated and validated using experimental cycling and calendar aging datasets. The performance metric, relative standard error of prediction (RSEP), is used to measure the efficacy of this model compared to the experimental data. The RSEP value obtained from the cycling aging dataset is 14.05%, while the value for the calendar aging dataset is 31.34%. The electric machine aging model is implemented using the temperature profile obtained from an experimental dataset.
Rownak, Md Ragib, Hanif, Athar, Ahmed, Qadeer, Fahim, Muhammad Qaisar, Anwar, Hamza, Li, Hui, Le, Dat, Nelson, Matthew
Power System Characterization and Flight Testing of a >55lb Hybrid-Electric MultirotorF-0078-2022-12145/10/2022
Hybrid electric propulsion is a promising technology to enable new aircraft configurations with excellent overall vehicle performance. Electric propulsion enables new types and configurations of rotorcraft, but the poor energy density of batteries has limited the overall endurance of electrically propelled aircraft. A hybrid architecture can take advantage of the high energy density of chemical/liquid fuels; but also utilize the advantages of electric propulsion technology. This advantage of a hybrid system can only be realized if the hybrid system is light enough and efficient enough. If not done in a highly optimized way the hybrid system can end up being too heavy and too inefficient - the worst of both worlds instead of the best of both worlds. This paper presents details of the LaunchPoint EPS hybrid electric power system and results of flight tests showing aircraft endurance improvements of at least 4 times longer over a pure electric version of the same aircraft.
Ricci, Michael, Varahamurthy, Vishaal, Hicks, Robert
Development of a Control System for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Based on LabVIEW and FPGA2022-01-07323/29/2022
With the strict requirements of harmful emission regulations, carbon peaking and neutralization goal, the internal combustion engine (ICE) industry is facing great challenges. Compared with pure ICE powertrain, hybrid powertrain has the advantages on fuel consumption and harmful emissions, which is more suitable for the market today. In series hybrid powertrain, because of the direct mechanical connection between ICE and motor, the motor can be used as an assistant in optimizing the performance of ICE. In order to realize the cycle-based or crank angle-based control of ICE, a high-frequency motor control system need to be built. Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) has the characteristics of high calculation frequency and high reliability to meet the demand. At the same time, the ICE control based on LabVIEW and FPGA has been realized. In order to realize the high-frequency co-control of ICE and motor, this paper developed a high-frequency and high-precision control system for permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) based on LabVIEW and FPGA with vector control technology. Its functions include closed control loops for stator current and PMSM rotating speed. Then, based on NI Compact RIO platform, the hardware system of motor control is built and some verification experiments are done. In the constant voltage-frequency ratio speed open-loop test, current closed-loop test and speed closed-loop test, it is found that the speed response of the motor is very rapid, the overshoot and the steady state fluctuation are low.
Zhou, Yang, Li, Minglong, Long, Quan, Yuan, Dengke, Hu, Zongjie, Li, Liguang
Powering Tomorrow: Battery and Electrification Summit PreviewTBMG-391475/1/2021
Electricity is the fuel of tomorrow — a future powered by battery technology. With the global electric mobility market expected to reach nearly $500 billion by 2025, battery and power storage needs will be pushed beyond current limits. Design teams are being challenged to rethink how systems work on the ground, in the skies, and at sea.
Advanced Hybrid Powertrains for Commercial Vehicles, 2ER-4944/14/2021
Powertrains for commercial vehicles have evolved since the late nineteenth-century invention of the ICE. In the revised second edition of Advanced Hybrid Powertrains for Commercial Vehicles, the authors explore commercial powertrains through history from the ICE through the introduction of the hybrid powertrain in commercial vehicles. Readers are given an understanding of the ICE as well as the classification of commercial vehicle hybrid powertrains, the variety of energy storage systems, fuel-cell hybrid powertrain systems, and commercial vehicle electrification. The authors review the legislation of vehicle emissions and the regulation necessary to promote the production of fuel-efficient vehicles.
Hu, Haoran, Baseley, Simon, Song, Xubin
Advances in Electric PropulsionTU-0035/18/2017
Aviation propulsion development continues to rely upon fossil fuels for the vast majority of commercial and military applications. Until these fuels are depleted or abandoned, burning them will continue to jeopardize air quality and provoke increased regulation. With those challenges in mind, research and development of more efficient and electric propulsion systems will expand. Fuel-cell technology is but one example that addresses such emission and resource challenges, and others, including negligible acoustic emissions and the potential to leverage current infrastructure models. For now, these technologies are consigned to smaller aircraft applications, but are expected to mature toward use in larger aircraft. Additionally, measures such as electric/conventional hybrid configurations will ultimately increase efficiencies and knowledge of electric systems while minimizing industrial costs. Requirements for greater flight time, stealth characteristics, and thrust-to-power ratios adds urgency to the development of efficient propulsion methods for applications such as UAVs, which looks to technologies such as asymmetrical capacitors to enhance electric propulsion efficiency. This book will take the reader through various technologies that will enable a more-electric aircraft future, as well as design methods and certification requirements of more-electric engines.
Broge, Jean
PUMPING UP hydraulic capabilities15OFHP12_0212/1/2015
Electrohydraulic advances keep coming as distributed electronics flex their muscle. Hydraulic technologies are evolving rapidly as clever engineers figure out how to alter spools and valves. These mechanical changes pale in comparison to the advances that transpire as design teams leverage rising computing power and falling prices for electronics. Electrohydraulic systems are employing more sensors and utilizing controls that are networked to a growing number of components. That's making it possible for design teams to continue to improve performance while adding more sophisticated features and functions. These trends show no signs of slowing down.
Costlow, Terry
Using Finite-Element Analysis Results and Field-Programmable Gate Arrays to Accelerate Hybrid Powertrain Controller Validation2015-01-11544/14/2015
Test and validation of control systems for hybrid vehicle power trains provide a unique set of challenges. Not only does the electronic control unit (ECU), or pair of ECUs, need to smoothly coordinate power flow between two or more power plants, but it also must handle the power electronics' high-speed dynamics due to PWM signals frequently in the 10-20 kHz range. The trend in testing all-electric and hybrid-electric ECUs has moved toward using field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) as the processing node for simulating inverter and electric motor dynamics in real time. Acting as a purpose-built processor colocated with analog and digital input and output, the FPGA makes it possible for real-time simulation loop rates on the order of one microsecond. Combining the temporal fidelity provided by the FPGA with the model fidelity of a machine model based on finite-element analysis yields a hardware-in-the-loop test system that can replicate the high-speed, nonlinear dynamics required to test a power electronics ECU. Engineers at Subaru were tasked with developing a hybrid electric power train for their first hybrid electric vehicle. The short timetable required innovative test and validation methods that could significantly reduce the typical test time without sacrificing safety and performance. This paper presents the novel approach used and validates the simulation results against physical test data. The new approach yieldeds more comprehensive test capabilities and a significant reduction in test time as compared to traditional methods.
Black, Benjamin, Morita, Tomohiro, Minami, Yusuke, Farnia, David
System Modeling for Integration and Test of Safety-Critical Automotive Embedded Systems2013-01-01894/8/2013
Functional safety of automotive embedded systems is a key issue during the development process. To support the industry, the automotive functional safety standard ISO 26262 has been defined. However, there are several limitations when following the approach directly as defined in the standard. Within this work, we propose an approach for the integration and test of safety-critical systems by using system modeling techniques. The combination of two state-of-the-art modeling languages into a dedicated multi-language development process provides a direct link between all stages of the development process, thus enabling efficient safety verification and validation already during modeling phase. It supports the developer in efficient application of requirements as defined by ISO 26262, hence reducing development time and cost by providing traceable safety argumentation. Based on a hybrid electric power train scenario, we evaluate the benefits of the proposed system modeling approach for early verification and validation of safety-critical embedded systems.
Krammer, Martin, Martin, Helmut, Karner, Michael, Watzenig, Daniel, Fuchs, Anton
Mobile Hybrid Power System's Elements2012-01-223610/22/2012
The effectiveness of elements comprising a hybrid electric power generating system was studied. The wind and photovoltaic renewable resources served as integral components of the hybrid systems configuration. A HMMWV towable trailer system provided an intermediary basis for formulation of methodology needed for optimization of power generation and energy storage capacity constrained by cost, size and weight of the system. The methodology employed in this paper is scalable from kilowatts to megawatts or from man portable systems to significantly larger systems which can be housed in 40 foot ISO containers.
Dawidowicz, Edward, Podlesak, Thomas, Leung, Fee
A PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF TRACKED VEHICLE DYNAMOMETER SYSTEMS FOR MOBILITY LOAD EMULATION OF A COMBAT HYBRID ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM2024-01-32298/17/2010
ABSTRACT The United States Army Tank-Automotive Research, Development and Engineering Center (TARDEC) is actively researching methods to advance the state of hybrid-electric power system technology for use in military vehicles. Supporting this research, Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC) is the lead contractor for developing the Hybrid Electric Re-Configurable Movable Integration Test-bed (HERMIT), which is operated at TARDEC in Warren, Michigan. The HERMIT is a ground-vehicle-sized series hybrid-electric test-bed featuring a diesel engine, permanent magnet generator, high voltage bus, DC-DC converter, lithium ion battery pack, left and right traction motors, thermal management system, and left and right bi-directional dynamometers. The power system is sized for a 20-22 ton tracked vehicle. The dynamometers are responsible for emulating loads that the tracked vehicle would see while running over a military theater-type course. This paper discusses the control system design for achieving mobility load emulation and compares experimental results obtained from two different sets of dynamometers running the same virtual course and duty cycle. Load emulation is defined as the ability of the measured left and right sprocket speeds to track the left and right sprocket speeds of the tracked vehicle model. The two types of dynamometers used to obtain the experimental results are an AC dynamometer and a DC dynamometer. The DC dynamometer has an inertia that is three times larger than the AC dynamometer inertia. The experimental results are analyzed with respect to the chosen duty cycle and the dynamometers used. Finally, the effect of the duty cycle on the dynamometer choice is discussed.
Goodell, Jarrett, Connolly, Tom, Leslie, Ed, Smith, Wilford
Design and Control of Hybrid Electric Power System for a Hydraulically Actuated Excavator2009-01-292710/6/2009
In this paper, a prototype hybrid excavator that incorporates two electric motors and an ultra-capacitor module in a commercial diesel engine powered hydraulic excavator is presented. The features of the developed hybrid excavator include (1) electric propulsion of the swing system, (2) electric power assistance for the diesel engine and (3) energy regeneration using an ultra-capacitor module. By designing a suitable swing control and power management algorithm, the developed hybrid electric power system can significantly improve the fuel economy of the diesel powered hydraulic excavator, without any performance degradation or drivability deterioration.
Yoo, Seungjin, An, Sangjun, Park, Cheol-Gyu, Kim, Nagin
INVESTIGATION OF CONTROL ALGORITHMS FOR TRACKED VEHICLE MOBILITY LOAD EMULATION FOR A COMBAT HYBRID ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM2024-01-31138/18/2009
ABSTRACT The United States Army Tank Automotive Research, Development and Engineering Center (TARDEC) is actively investigating and researching ways to advance the state of combat hybrid-electric power system technology for use in military vehicles including the Future Combat Systems’ family of manned and unmanned ground vehicles. Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC) is the lead contractor for operating the Power and Energy System Integration Laboratory (P&E SIL) in Santa Clara, CA. The P&E SIL houses a combat hybrid electric power system including a diesel engine, generator, high voltage bus, DC-DC converter, lithium ion battery pack, left and right induction motors, and left and right dynamometers. The power system is sized for a 20-22 ton tracked vehicle. The dynamometers are responsible for emulating loads that the vehicle would see while running over a course. This paper discusses the control system design for achieving mobility load emulation. Mobility load emulation is defined as the ability of the measured left and right sprocket speeds to track the left and right sprocket speeds in the vehicle model. Simulated and experimental results are presented for various load emulation strategies. Several algorithms are investigated, and a final algorithm is chosen based on a standard control systems analysis. The algorithms developed are designed in a modular fashion such that they can function with combinations of vehicle models and dynamometers other than the vehicle model and dynamometers used at the P&E SIL.
Goodell, Jarrett, Smith, Wilford, Wong, Byron
Weapon and Armor System Power in Future Combat VehiclesTBMG-50934/1/2009
Future combat vehicles will require unconventional weapons and armor systems such as electromagnetic (EM) or electrothermal chemical (ETC) guns, electromagnetic (EM) armor, and directed- energy weapons (DEWs). To meet these requirements, a hybrid electric power system has been identified as the best alternative to support the demand for propulsion, continuous auxiliary power demand, and pulsed power demand for weapons and armor.
Energy Storage for Hybrid Military VehiclesTBMG-TB-00470510/1/2007
The benefits of hybrid electric vehicles have been recognized by the U.S. Army and other military services. As a consequence, hybrid vehicles are being considered as future combat and tactical platforms. In order to achieve an All Electric Combat Vehicle (AECV), integration challenges have to be overcome for every system in the new vehicle.
Robust Control Techniques Enabling Duty Cycle Experiments Utilizing a 6-DOF Crewstation Motion Base, a Full Scale Combat Hybrid Electric Power System, and Long Distance Internet Communications2006-01-307711/7/2006
The RemoteLink effort supports the U.S. Army's objective for developing and fielding next generation hybrid-electric combat vehicles. It is a distributed soldier-in-the-loop and hardware-in-the-loop environment with a 6-DOF motion base for operator realism, a full-scale combat hybrid electric power system, and an operational context provided by OneSAF. The driver/gunner crewstations rest on one of two 6-DOF motion bases at the U.S. Army TARDEC Simulation Laboratory (TSL). The hybrid power system is located 2,450 miles away at the TARDEC Power and Energy System Integration Laboratory (P&E SIL). The primary technical challenge in the RemoteLink is to operate both laboratories together in real time, coupled over the Internet, to generate a realistic power system duty cycle. A topology has been chosen such that the laboratories have real hardware interacting with simulated components at both locations to guarantee local closed loop stability. This layout is robust to Internet communication failures and ensures the long distance network delay does not enter the local feedback loops. The TSL states and P&E SIL states will diverge due to (1) significant communications delays and (2) unavoidable differences between the TSL's power-system simulation and the P&E SIL's real hardware-in-the-loop power system. Tightly coupled, bi-directional interactions exist among the various distributed simulations and software- and hardware-in-the-loop components representing the driver, gunner, vehicle, and power system. These interactions necessitate additional adjustment to ensure that the respective states at the TSL and P&E SIL sites converge. This is called state convergence and ensures the dominant energetic states of both laboratories remain closely matched in real time. State convergence must be performed at both locations to achieve bi-directional, real-time interaction like that found on a real vehicle. The result is a distributed control system architecture with Internet communications in the state convergence feedback loop. The Internet communication channel is a primary source of uncertainty that impacts the overall state convergence performance and stability. Multiple control schemes were developed and tested in simulation. This paper presents robust control techniques that compensate for asynchronous Internet communication delays during closed loop operation of the TSL and P&E SIL sites. The subsequent soldier- and hardware-in-the-loop experiments were performed using a combination of nonlinear Sliding-mode and linear PID control laws to achieve state convergence at both locations. The control system development, performance, and duty cycle results are presented in this paper.
Compere, Marc, Goodell, Jarrett, Simon, Miguel, Smith, Wilford, Brudnak, Mark
Robust Control Techniques for State Tracking in the Presence of Variable Time Delays2006-01-11634/3/2006
In this paper, a distributed driver-in-the-loop and hardware-in-the-loop simulator is described with a driver on a motion simulator at the U.S. Army TARDEC Ground Vehicle Simulation Laboratory (GVSL). Realistic power system response is achieved by linking the driver in the GVSL with a full-sized hybrid electric power system located 2,450 miles away at the TARDEC Power and Energy Systems Integration Laboratory (P&E SIL), which is developed and maintained by Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC). The goal is to close the loop between the GVSL and P&E SIL over the Internet to provide a realistic driving experience in addition to realistic power system results. In order to preserve a valid and safe hardware-in-the-loop experiment, the states of the GVSL must track the states of the P&E SIL. In a distributed control system utilizing the open Internet, the communications channel is a primary source of uncertainty and delay that can degrade the overall system performance and stability. The presence of a cross-country network delay and the unavoidable differences between the P&E SIL hardware and GVSL model will cause the GVSL states and P&E SIL states to diverge without any additional action. Thus, two robust strategies for state convergence are developed and presented in this paper. The first strategy is a non-linear Sliding Mode control scheme. The second strategy is an H-infinity control scheme. Both schemes are implemented in simulation, and both schemes show promising results for state convergence in the presence of variable cross-country time delays.
Goodell, Jarrett, Compere, Marc, Simon, Miguel, Smith, Wilford, Wright, Ronnie, Brudnak, Mark
Hybrid Electric Power and Energy Laboratory Hardware-in-the-Loop and Vehicle Model Implementation2006-01-11624/3/2006
The power system for the Future Combat System's (FCS) family of manned ground vehicles will not only need to satisfy mobility requirements, but also need to provide continuous and pulsed power for weapons, armaments and other auxiliary loads. Investigating hybrid power technologies has been an active research area for the U.S. Army RDECOM's Tank Automotive Research, Development and Engineering Center (TARDEC) Power and Energy System Integration Laboratory (P&E SIL). The P&E SIL is located in Santa Clara, CA and is maintained by Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC). Current P&E SIL efforts include imposing realistic loads on notional combat vehicle subsystems in order to evaluate components, such as motors and batteries. Equally important research is being conducted through the application of realistic driver/commander inputs which will aid in the validation of vehicle designs, control systems and vehicle power management architectures capable of meeting the mobility and non-mobility power and energy demands of the future battlefield. This paper describes the integration of the hardware-in-the-loop (HWIL) hybrid-electric power system with a high fidelity vehicle model (HFVM) within a real-time execution environment.
Simon, Miguel, Compere, Marc, Connolly, Thomas, Lors, Charles, Smith, Wilford, Brudnak, Mark
Development and Validation of Control Algorithm for Series Hybrid Power Train2003-01-328110/27/2003
Developed control algorithm for series hybrid electric power train is presented systematically, which keeps engine operation points on the locus of highest efficiency torque/speed points using a lookup table defined by engine power and speed. The off-line simulation model of series hybrid power train is developed which includes sub-models of control system and controlled objective (such as engine, motor, battery pack and so on). The debug and validation of control algorithm is performed on developed modular test facility. The results show that developed control algorithm can effectively keep engine operating on the locus of high efficiency points and much more fuel economy can be achieved than that of conventional ICE power train, meanwhile battery SOC can be maintained within reasonable level without charging outside during cycles.
Chu, Liang, Wang, Qingnian, Liu, Minghui, Li, Jun
Development and Validation of Logic Threshold Control Algorithm for Parallel Hybrid Power Train2003-01-23126/23/2003
Logic threshold control algorithm for parallel hybrid electric power train is presented systematically, in which engine operation points are limited within higher efficient area by logic threshold control algorithm targeting fuel economy. The off-line simulation model of parallel HEV power train is developed which includes sub-models of logic threshold control system and controlled objective (such as engine, electric motor, battery pack and so on). The debug and validation of logic threshold control algorithm is completed on developed modular test facility. The results show that the simple and practical logic threshold control algorithm can effectively limited engine operation points and much more fuel economy can be achieved than that of conventional ICE power train.
Chu, Liang, Wang, Qingnian, Liu, Minghui, Zhao, Ziliang
Design and Performance Testing of an Advanced Integrated Power System with Flywheel Energy Storage2003-01-23026/23/2003
The University of Texas Center for Electromechanics (UT-CEM) has completed the successful design, integration and testing of a hybrid electric power and propulsion system incorporating a flywheel energy storage device. During testing, the improved drive train was shown to double acceleration rates while simultaneously reducing prime power usage in excess of 25% when compared to the same vehicle without the flywheel energy storage system. While the system was designed for and demonstrated on a transit bus, the technology described herein is applicable to a wide variety of applications, including additional mobile and marine power and propulsion systems. This paper (1) describes the drive train design with an overview of the critical components and (2) presents results from system-level testing of the transit bus with the integrated drive train.
Hayes, R. J., Weeks, D. A., Flynn, M. M., Beno, J. H., Guenin, A. M., Zierer, J. J., Stifflemire, T.
NVH Testing of Hybrid Electric Powertrains2001-01-15434/30/2001
The purpose of his paper is to further the understanding of NVH test techniques for hybrid electric powertrains. It addresses dynamometer testing specifically. Due to the nature of the hybrid electric function, which includes situations when the engine is not running as well as different ratios of torque for power component combinations, typical testing methods are not adequate. Hybrid electric testing requires unique test conditions, dyno control, instrumentation and analysis. This paper attempts to establish some test standards directed specifically to the data needs of hybrid electric power trains.
Volinski, Bridget
Optimization of Performance and Energy Consumption on Series Hybrid Electric Power System1999-01-09223/1/1999
Recently, studies and developments have been underway in many countries to introduce a new type of car (hereinafter referred to as “Commuter car”), characterized by ultra smallness, energy saving and low pollution, for short-range purposes, for example commutation, in urban areas (1).In our previous study, the characteristics of electric motors were noticed, and the series hybrid system was focused to power commuter cars.Therefore, a simulated commuter car based on a small electric vehicle (EV) was set on a chassis dynamometer to test the basic items (2) . From these results, a new simulated series hybrid type commuter car that uses a high-power AC motor and a high-efficiency power generator was set on the bench.By acceleration/deceleration bench tests, selection of the reduction gear ratio and optimization of power supply from the generator were investigated in order to achieve both the performance necessary and sufficient for the city driving and power management. Moreover, an evaluation of the energy efficiency and the energy consumption was attempted.
Hayashida, Morimasa, Narusawa, Kazuyuki
270-Vdc/Hybrid 115-Vac Electric Power Generating System Technology Demonstrator9120519/1/1991
Sundstrand is investigating 270-Vdc/hybrid 115-Vac electrical power generating and distribution systems technology so as to be well prepared to offer such systems for future aircraft applications. The approach taken has been to design, build, and test a representative system that meets or exceeds the tightest of the performance standards as defined by miliary standards. This paper describes a single-channel, 120-kW hybrid system and presents some typical performance data. The dc bus supplies a 30-kVA, 400-Hz, 115-Vac inverter; constant power load banks of up to 150 kW; and a resistive load bank of up to 90 kW. System simulation studies indicated the potential for unstable operation due to the negative impedance of the constant power load in conjunction with the source ripple filter and the load EMI filters. Unstable voltage and current were observed in system testing when the magnitude of the source impedance was not sufficiently below that of the load impedance. Plans for installing a second channel along with an electromechanical actuator and a large vapor-cycle cooling system as active loads are also discussed.
Niggemann, R.E., Peecher, S., Rozman, G.
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