Browse Topic: Reformulated diesel fuels

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USE OF MACRO-EMULSION OF VEGETABLE OIL IN COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINE2004-28-00401/16/2004
Over the past several years, there has been increased interest in reformulated and alternative diesel fuel to control emissions and provide energy independence. As public concern about environmental pollution and energy security increases, alternative transportation fuels, such as compressed natural gas (CNG), liquefied natural gas (LNG), and bio-fuels are receiving more and more attention. Oil seed plants have been one of the biomass sources of fuel. In this study, use of macro- emulsion of vegetable oil in compression ignition engine as an alternative diesel fuel is carried out. The emphasize in this study is on non- edible vegetable oil as they are not used in house hold purposes. The macro-emulsion of linseed oil and mahua oil with neat diesel and alcohol in varying proportion were prepared and their properties in view of their suitability as a diesel fuel were evaluated. Also their performance and emission characteristics were tested in the C.I. engine. It has been found that the macro-emulsion of vegetable oil can partially substitute the diesel fuel with no difficulty.
Kumar, Naveen, Khare, Umang
Effects of Fuel Properties on Exhaust Emissions from the Latest Light-Duty DI Diesel Engine2003-01-18825/19/2003
The great reduction in future diesel engine emission limits, especially PM and NOx, forces one to develop means to comply with stringent legislation. Environmentally friendly fuels are regarded as a very effective means to decrease emissions. Although the emission reduction is less than could be achieved by the most modern engine technology or alternative fuels, the immediate net effect of reformulated diesel fuel on emissions is significant, as it takes place over the whole vehicle population. The experimental results presented in this paper were obtained within a research program investigating the effect of different fuels upon emissions from compression-ignition automotive engines. The research were carried out in the laboratories of the BOSMAL Automotive R & D Centre in co-operation to Institute of Internal Combustion Engines at Poznan University of Technology. The partial results of this research program were presented in SAE Paper 2002-01-2219. This paper presents the final results of this research program. The effect of diesel fuel properties and composition on regulated emissions was investigated in a DI Common Rail, turbocharged passenger car, equipped with an oxidation catalyst and electronically controlled exhaust gas recirculation, representing the latest technology in production at the start of the research programme. Attention was focused primarily on the fuel properties such as: sulphur content and cetane number. To evaluate the influence of fuel properties on emissions, eight different test fuels were prepared: four fuels with the sulphur content varying from less than 5 ppm up to 2000 ppm and four fuels with the cetane number varying from 45 up to 63. The new vehicle homologation procedure introduced in the Directive 98/69/EC, so-called new European driving cycle (NEDC) was selected as a representative test for this study. Experimental results indicated that fuel sulphur levels have a significant impact on all regulated emissions, especially on PM. From two parts of the NEDC test the second part - the EUDC test - was more sensitive for the diesel fuel sulphur content. Testing fuels of different ignition qualities showed that HC and CO emissions of high cetane number fuels were significantly lower than emissions of a low cetane number fuel. We observed also a little decrease in NOx emissions with an increase in cetane number. The effect of cetane number on particulate emissions was more complex, the highest emission was obtained for medium-cetane number fuel.
Bielaczyc, Piotr, Kozak, Miloslaw, Merkisz, Jerzy
Emission Performance of Selected Biodiesel Fuels2003-01-18665/19/2003
Because of the great interest in biodiesel fuels around the world, the International Energy Agency's Committee on Advanced Motor Fuels sponsored this project to determine emissions and performance of a number of biodiesel fuels with a special emphasis on unregulated emissions. Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) and Technical Research Centre in Finland (VTT) carried out the project with complementary work plans. Several different engines were used between the two sites, and in some cases emissions control catalysts were used, both at ORNL and at VTT. ORNL concentrated on light and medium duty engines, while VTT emphasized a heavy-duty engine and also used a light duty car as a test bed. Common fuels between the two sites for these tests were rape methyl ester in 30% blend and neat, soy methyl ester in 30% blend and neat, used vegetable oil methyl ester (UVOME) in 30% blend, and the Swedish environmental class 1 reformulated diesel (RFD). ORNL used ASTM 2D diesel as baseline, while VTT used EN 590 (European diesel) as the base. VTT also tested a blend of 30% UVOME with RFD. Steady state test cycles were used for all engines and fuels except for the light duty vehicle, which was tested on a chassis dynamometer using the US FTP 75 test. Results are presented for regulated emissions as well as for aldehydes and composition of particulate matter, and polyaromatic hydrocarbons. VTT also produced results of Ames tests on the mutagenicty of samples of particulate matter. Generally, the biodiesel fuels had higher NOx emissions but lower values of HC, CO, and particulates. Unregulated emissions varied greatly between fuels and engines.
McGill, Ralph, Storey, John, Wagner, Robert, Irick, David, Aakko, Päivi, Westerholm, Mårten, Nylund, Nils-Olof, Lappi, Maija
Experimental Investigation on High-Quality Diesel Fuels Effects in a Light Duty CR Diesel Engine2000-01-19116/19/2000
In this paper some preliminary results on the emission performance of a modern CR DI diesel engine running on reformulated diesel fuels are discussed. The engine employed in the tests was a Fiat M724 1910cc, installed on Alfa Romeo 156 1.9 JTD. Modern injection systems can modify the spray structure with respect to a spray of a classical rotary injection pump so the well-consolidated knowledge on the correlation between fuel parameters and pollutant emissions may not be valid for the new generation of DI diesel engines. Two high quality fossil fuels and a synthetic fuel were selected for the tests. Tests were directed to analyze the relative influence on exhaust emissions between injection parameters and fuel quality. One engine test point (2000 rpm × 2 bar of b.m.e.p.) was chosen, with different setting of injection pressure, EGR ratio and pilot injection activation. Moreover a comparison between the performance of the CR engine and a light duty DI engine equipped with a classical distributor pump (Bosch VE pump) is also presented. With common rail systems, the soot increase, due to the EGR, is evident only at relatively low rail pressure while at high injection pressure the soot emissions are not influenced by the EGR rate. Contrary to the engine with the distributor pump injection system, the main characteristic of CR engine appears a moderate sensibility of NOx emissions and a poor particulate dependence from fuel quality.
Beatrice, C., Bertoli, C., Del Giacomo, N., Migliaccio, M.na.
Diesel Passenger Vehicles - Can They Meet Air Quality Needs and Climate Change Goals?2000-01-15994/2/2000
A conversion to light-duty diesel vehicles is considered one pathway for reducing transportation greenhouse gas emissions in the United States. However, expanding diesel's market share could have significant public health consequences. This paper evaluates the environmental tradeoffs of diesel passenger vehicles, and suggests that a rapid conversion to light-duty diesel vehicles could yield carbon emission savings within the decade of up to 4 percent versus the base case. While significant reductions in criteria emissions appears technologically possible, it will likely require that diesels incorporate two exhaust control systems and utilize reformulated diesel fuel or alternative fuels. Finally, we suggest that diesel manufacturers must address other evolving public health concerns, including emissions of ultrafine particles and toxics, before expanding the market share of the diesel powerplant.
Morey, Candace J., Mark, Jason
Potentiality of Oxygenated Synthetic Fuel and Reformulated Fuel on Emissions from a Modern DI Diesel Engine1999-01-359510/25/1999
This paper presents the performances of a modern DI diesel engine, equipped with a Common Rail injection system, fed on blends of an advanced diesel fuel (base fuel) and Diethylene-Glycol-Dimethyl-Ether (Diglyme - C6H14O3). The base fuel was a reformulated diesel fuel with low aromatic and sulfur content. Three blends with different volumetric percentage of Diglyme (10, 20 and 30%) in the base fuel were prepared and tested. The engine was a FIAT M724, installed in a Alfa Romeo 156 1.9 JTD, with a Bosch Common Rail injection system (EDC-15C). At the exhaust of the engine, soot, NOx, HC, CO, and CO2 were measured. The experiments represent the potential of diesel reformulation technology with synthetic fuels coupled with the new diesel technology generation.
Beatrice, C., Bertoli, C., Del Giacomo, N., Migliaccio, M.na.
A Comparison of Emissions from Clean Diesel Fuels1999-01-11213/1/1999
Exhaust emissions from various kinds of clean diesel fuels were evaluated using a commercial DI diesel engine in comparison with the emissions from a commercial diesel fuel containing 0.05% sulfur. The blending of a light paraffinic fuel to a commercial diesel fuel reduces HC, CO, PM and NOx emissions and a light fuel with aromatics or kerosene reduces PM and NOx but not HC and CO. The PM and NOx emissions from the paraffinic fuel are lower than these from the kerosene, and these emissions are decreased with an increase in the blending ratio of both light fuels to a commercial diesel fuel. Reformulated diesel fuels such as a clean city diesel fuel and fuels with few aromatics reduce PM and NOx emissions more than commercial diesel fuel, and the reduction rate is highly dependent on aromatic content. The effects on emissions of blending soybean methyl ester or tripropylene glycol methyl ether to a commercial diesel fuel were evaluated. The results showed that the PM reduction rate increases with an increase in the oxygenate content in the sample, and the PM emission from a mixture of 25% glycol and 75% commercial diesel fuel is almost equal to that from a light paraffinic fuel. The analysis of PM composition showed that a reduction in aromatics reduces the SOF caused by the reduction of the unburned fuel portion in the SOF, but not soot. On the other hand, the glycol reduces both the SOF and soot. The PM reduction rate highly depended on aromatic and oxygen content in the sample, and the NOx on aromatic content, according to statistical analysis using all test samples.
Uchida, Mitsuru, Akasaka, Yukio
Effects of Physical and Chemical Properties of Diesel Fuel on NOx Emissions of Heavy-Duty Diesel Engines97299710/1/1997
In a diesel engine, both physical and chemical properties of the fuel affect exhaust emissions. This study focused on the separation of some physical and chemical effects of the fuel on the NOx emission. The tests were conducted with a bus engine using four diesel fuels with different density and aromatics levels. The measurements were performed using five injection timing settings to screen the effects of changes in actual injection timing. When conventional diesel fuel was replaced by reformulated diesel, NOx was reduced 7-13 %. Changes in the injection timing due to differences in the physical properties accounted only for a minor part (10-25 % relative) of the total reduction of NOx, whereas the greater part of the reduction (75-90 % relative) was due to other reasons, mainly fuel chemical properties.
Nylund, Nils-Olof, Aakko, Päivi, Mikkonen, Seppo, Niemi, Aapo
Reformulated Diesel Fuel - Four Years Experience in Finland9716345/1/1997
Diesel fuel was reformulated by reducing sulfur to < 0.005 wt-%, aromatics to < 20 vol-% and by limiting heavy polyaromatics. This reduced NOx, particulate, PAH and mutagenic emissions plus exhaust odor. Oxidation catalysts operated well. Less deposits formed in the EGR system. Fuel lubricity was enhanced by additives evaluated by injection pump tests and HFRR. Three years of field testing with 140 buses showed no fuel related problems. Oil change period could be lengthened and fuel consumption was unchanged. Demand for reformulated fuel was triggered by differentiating taxation based on quality. Fuels have been used since 1993 without problems. Life cycle analysis showed no increase of CO2.
Mikkonen, Seppo, Kiiski, Ulla, Mäkelä, Martti, Niemi, Aapo, Niemi, Markku, Rantanen, Leena, Saikkonen, Pirjo
Effect of Reformulated Diesel Fuel on Unregulated Emissions of Light Duty Vehicles96197010/1/1996
Unregulated emissions of reformulated diesel fuels (sulfur < 50 ppm, aromatics < 20 vol-%) were compared to the European EN590 specification fuel (sulfur < 500 ppm, aromatics < 35 vol-%) in three IDI passenger cars and one DI van using FTP and/or ECE/EUDC emission test procedures. The effect of reformulated diesel fuels on the mutagenicity of particulate soluble organic fraction (SOF) was studied. Fuel reformulation reduced particulate emissions in IDI cars. Reformulating fuel by decreasing heavier aromatics - without decreasing final boiling point - reduced particulate mutagenicity on emission basis. At low ambient temperature (-7°C) particulate PAH and mutagenic emissions increased compared to the standard ambient temperature (+22°C) with all fuels.
Rantanen, Leena, Juva, Ari, Niemi, Aapo, Mikkonen, Seppo, Aakko, Päivi, Lappi, Maija
Lubricity of Reformulated Diesel Fuel - Experience in Finland96194810/1/1996
Lubricity testing of reformulated diesel fuels (sulfur <0 005 w-%, aromatics <20 vol-%) was started in 1990. A 1000 hour in-house test rig with distributor pumps was used for testing fuels and additives. When lubricity is not adequate, excessive wear is seen in the pump. A field test on 140 buses each accumulating 150 000 - 250 000 km with reformulated diesel was carried out. Reformulated diesel has been on the market since 1993 without problems. Lubricity was evaluated with HFRR test and compared to the pump rig results. HFRR overestimated the need for lubricity additives. Fuel sulfur was found to be not the only indicator of lubricity and lubricity of low sulfur diesel was as good as high sulfur when other fuel parameters were kept constant.
Saikkonen, Pirjo, Mikkonen, Seppo, Makela, Martti, Niemi, Aapo
Effect of Diesel Fuel Composition on Fork-Lift Truck Emissions95236510/1/1995
Diesel fork-lifts are often preferred over LPG due to lower costs and superior fire safety in in-door use but exhaust causes problems. Air quality was measured with standard and reformulated diesel fuel in a warehouse where diesel fork-lifts operated. Sulphur was 605 ppm for the standard and 7 ppm for the reformulated fuel. Aromatics were respectively 31 vol-% and 12 vol-% and 95-% distillation points 352 °C and 286 °C. Fuel reformulation reduced particulates in the ware-house air by 40 %, particulate SOF by 50 % and mutagenicity of SOF by 80 %. NO, NO2, SO2 and PAH concentrations were low. Irritation and the possibility of long-term health problems reduced.
Mikkonen, Seppo, Rantanen, Leena, Alve, Veli-Matti, Nylung, Lars, Kociba, Pirkko, Korhonen, Kari, Lindroos, Lasse
Estimation of Diesel Fuel Effects Benefits on a Representative Engine of the Urban Transport Fleet in Venezuela94240911/1/1994
Fuel reformulation represents a major approach to reduce emissions in the current fleet. In this work, a medium-duty engine was used to determine the potential benefits of using reformulated Diesel fuel with controlled composition. This particular engine technology is used approximately in more than 60% of the corresponding transport fleet. The fuel properties that received special attention were sulfur content (390 - 8670 ppm), aromatic content (9.8 - 32.6 wt %), cetane number (40 - 51.6) and distillation temperature for 90 % volume recovered T90 (307 - 350 °C). Testing was conducted on the engine installed on a test bench and operated on a 4-mode cycle with two speeds and medium to high load. Data was taken on each mode and statistical procedures for averaging, weighting and analyzing, were applied to study engine operation. Combustion performance was observed based on a heat release analysis, comparing burning rates and ignition delay. Exhaust emissions of HC, CO, NOx and specific fuel consumption were determined. Particulates were measured using a mini-dilution tunnel technique using two separate filters for each measuring condition. Chemical analysis and detailed fuel characterization is used to explain the emissions results and the effects of fuel composition on emissions. The steady state testing allowed discrimination between fuel formulations. The absolute emissions and calculated reductions, were weighted using assumed service factors, indicating the importance of properly determining representative engine operating conditions for fuel comparisons. Hydrocarbons and CO were dependent on aromatic content with reductions as high as 11 % and 12 % respectively. NOx is linearly dependent on aromatic content in the conditions studied with reductions as high as 8 %. Specific fuel consumption can be reduced as much as 2.2 % due to increased combustion efficiency. The combined effects of aromatics, sulfur content and T90 on particulate emission rates was very dependent on the operating condition, these were similar for all fuels for higher fueling rates, where in-cylinder conditions favor soot oxidation.
González, Manuel A., Leon, Aymara
DIESEL FUELSJ313_198906 (Historical)6/1/1989
Fuels and Lubricants TC 7 Fuels Committee
DIESEL FUELSJ313_198706 (Historical)6/1/1987
Fuels and Lubricants TC 7 Fuels Committee
DIESEL FUELSJ313_198606 (Historical)6/1/1986
Fuels and Lubricants TC 7 Fuels Committee
DIESEL FUELSJ313_198406 (Historical)6/1/1984
Fuels and Lubricants TC 7 Fuels Committee
DIESEL FUELSJ313_198204 (Historical)4/1/1982
Fuels and Lubricants TC 7 Fuels Committee
DIESEL FUELSJ313_198006 (Historical)6/1/1980
Fuels and Lubricants TC 7 Fuels Committee
DIESEL FUELSJ313C_197805 (Historical)5/1/1978
Fuels and Lubricants TC 7 Fuels Committee
DIESEL FUELSJ313B_197609 (Historical)9/1/1976
Fuels and Lubricants TC 7 Fuels Committee
Diesel FuelsJ313_195501 (Historical)1/1/1955
Fuels and Lubricants TC 7 Fuels Committee
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