Effective shock absorption is essential for maintaining stability during landing
events. Aerospace systems traditionally rely on oleo-pneumatic struts, while
robotic platforms utilize lightweight compliant joints for impact mitigation.
Recent advances have shifted attention toward adaptive solutions, including
magnetorheological and electrorheological dampers, which can adjust their
damping characteristics in real time through sensor feedback and control
algorithms. By integrating established mechanical design principles with
advanced materials and intelligent control strategies, modern landing systems
can achieve improved energy dissipation and enhanced performance under variable
and unpredictable conditions. This work evaluates the transition from passive to
adaptive shock absorption technologies by examining landing dynamics, the
mechanical architectures of conventional and semi-active systems, and the
control strategies that enable adaptive damping. The findings indicate that,
although passive systems offer reliability and simplicity, they lack the
adaptability required for highly variable environments, while semi-active
systems provide enhanced performance through real-time modulation enabled by
advanced control algorithms. However, challenges related to power requirements,
system complexity, material durability, and long-term reliability continue to
limit widespread implementation of adaptive technologies. Overall, this review
highlights the limitations of passive designs, evaluates the tradeoffs between
MR and ER damping technologies, examines the evolution of semi-active control
strategies, and identifies the key technical barriers that must be addressed
before adaptive shock absorption systems achieve broader operational
adoption.
