Towards a Smarter E-Bike: Enhancing Energy Efficiency through Adaptive Speed Control

This paper presents the development of a speed controller for e-bikes, designed as part of an energy-adaptive assistance system. The controller provides riders with appropriate support along planned routes, based on the available battery capacity. The control concept is intended for integration into existing commercial e-bikes without requiring extensive modifications to the drive system. Therefore, the rider remains part of the control loop, adjusting the support mode according to instructions from the controller. The speed controller is implemented as a rule-based state machine, enabling comprehensible design and parameterization Since the rider must manually switch between support modes while riding, the control logic incorporates hysteresis and dead times to ensure stability, prevent oscillations and avoid frequent mode switching. The user interface is a smartphone application that issues visual and audio instructions for switching support modes. An initial, system-independent version that relied on GPS-based speed measurement was found to be insufficiently accurate for the control task. Furthermore, it was found that detection of the pedaling state was essential for proper operation. To address these issues, a Bluetooth-based hardware adapter was developed to access relevant signals from the e-bike’s CAN bus communication system. These include pedal power, cadence and speed, which are made accessible through reverse engineering of the CAN bus. The proposed concept is evaluated in a chassis dynamometer study with 13 participants on two test profiles: a synthetic gradient route for assessing control stability and a realistic elevation profile for dynamic evaluation. Additional measurements taken with one of the test riders at different speeds demonstrate the system’s reliability and its potential to improve the energy efficiency. The results show that, with approximately the same power brought in by the rider, only 27.3% more electrical energy is required to increase the average speed by 44.9%.