Toward Generalized Control/State-Equivalent Turbulence Input (CETI/STETI) Models for Main-Tail Rotor Helicopters and Tiltrotors

A generalized turbulence model for rotorcraft, analogous to the Dryden or von Kármán models commonly used for fixed-wing aircraft, does not yet exist. The closest available formulations are Control-Equivalent Turbulence Input (CETI) models, which reproduce the portion of the vehicle response attributable to atmospheric disturbances through equivalent control inputs applied at the inceptor or effector level. While the underlying concept is broadly applicable, these models are highly configuration dependent, making their broader generalizability uncertain. This paper adopts a recently developed methodology to extract CETI models directly from simulation and extends it to the identification of State-Equivalent Turbulence Input (STETI) models, which are Dryden-like in form and inject turbulence-equivalent excitations directly into the state dynamics. The approach is applied to six conventional main-tail rotor helicopters spanning trainer, light, intermediate, medium, heavy, and ultra-heavy classes, from the Robinson R-22 to the Mil Mi-26, and to four tiltrotors spanning the current range of tiltrotor weight classes, from the Bell XV-15 to the Bell Boeing V-22. The resulting CETI and STETI models are used to examine cross-vehicle trends, assess the extent to which they generalize across configurations, and evaluate whether they can be parameterized in terms of fundamental rotorcraft properties, including gross weight and rotor radius, as well as derived parameters such as disk loading.