Thermal Design of the International Space Station Photovoltaic Radiators

The Photovoltaic Radiator (PVR) is designed to reject waste heat of the Early External Active Thermal Control System (EEATCS) and the Photovoltaic Thermal Control System (PV TCS) of the International Space Station (ISS). Two EEATCS PVR units and one PV TCS PVR unit will be on the Assured Early Research (AER) phase of the ISS and all four PV TCS PVR units will be on the assembly complete configuration of the ISS. Thermal environments of the AER mission and assembly complete configuration present challenging thermal designs to maintain the EEATCS and PV TCS PVR units functioning within the temperature operating limits of the structural components and the ammonia fluid.