Review of Comprehensive Evaluation and Comparative Analysis of Approaches for Capturing Atmospheric CO₂ and Converting It into Sustainable eFuels.

As atmospheric CO₂ concentrations continue to rise at unprecedented rates, the urgent need for breakthrough technologies that can efficiently capture carbon directly from the air and convert it into sustainable synthetic fuels has never been clearer. While numerous capture and conversion methods have been propose, many remain at an early stage of development, facing significant challenges such as low energy efficiency, limited scalability, and high operational costs. This lack of technological maturity underscores a vast, largely untapped potential for innovation and transformative advancement. In response to this gap, the present study compiles and critically examines a wide spectrum of emerging capture and conversion technologies. Through a detailed exploration of their functionalities, potentials, advantages, and challenges, the paper accumulates a comprehensive and well-informed dataset. This holistic understanding not only reveals key bottlenecks but also identifies promising pathways to overcome them, offering a valuable foundation for future research and practical implementation. At its core, the study explores how strategic integration and optimization of capture and conversion systems can significantly enhance overall energy efficiency potentially more than doubling current benchmarks. Through this hypothesis-driven approach, it uncovers new possibilities for elevating technology readiness and achieving commercially viable solutions. Serving as a vital resource for researchers, industry stakeholders, and policymakers, this work advances scientific understanding and offers a clear roadmap to accelerate innovation and investment. The insights presented hold the promise to revolutionize sustainable fuel production, facilitate the global reduction of carbon emissions, and catalyze the transition toward a resilient, circular carbon economy that benefits both society and the environment.