Propellant Expulsion in Unmanned Spacecraft

Bladders, diaphragms, and pistons used for the positive expulsion of earth-storable liquid rocket propellants are discussed in general terms. The history of PL's work on these devices is reviewed as a background to the current programs.

A detailed account of the development and use of bladders in Ranger and Mariner spacecraft is presented. The final section describes an advanced development program aimed at providing technology for future spacecraft.