Numerical Study of Gasoline Direct Injection Sprays at Conditions Relevant to Engine Cold-Start Operation

2026-01-0338

4/7/2026

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Abstract
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Gasoline direct injection (GDI) remains a key technology for enhancing engine efficiency and meeting regulated engine-out soot limits, particularly when combined with downsizing and boosted operation. The performance of modern GDI engines strongly depends on the in-cylinder spray process, which governs mixture formation and combustion quality under a wide range of operating conditions. In this context, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is an effective tool for supporting the design and operation of an engine. However, accurately modeling a spray’s evolution —from early to late injections and across varying ambient conditions —remains a major challenge. This study employs a CFD framework with an optimized spray modeling approach to investigate spray morphology and dynamics under various engine cold conditions. Although all simulations are conducted with a single-injection setup, the early- and late-injection cases are designed to emulate different phases of split-injection operation by adjusting the injection duration as well as the ambient pressure and temperature conditions. The analysis spans injection pressures from 100 to 300 bar, incorporating detailed comparisons of two-dimensional projected liquid volume distributions and liquid volume fraction footprint at 15 mm downstream. The results reveal that under late-injection conditions, high pressure suppresses spray penetration, high temperature accelerates evaporation, and increased injection pressure enhances atomization and evaporation. Deviations between the nominal drill angle and the actual plume direction are identified, consistent with the narrower plume orientations observed experimentally. Overall, this work demonstrates the effectiveness of the current CFD framework, with optimized spray modeling, in capturing realistic spray momentum evolution across various engine-relevant operating conditions.
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Citation
Lien, H., Torelli, R., Zhao, L., Park, J., et al., "Numerical Study of Gasoline Direct Injection Sprays at Conditions Relevant to Engine Cold-Start Operation," WCX SAE World Congress Experience, Detroit, Michigan, United States, April 14, 2026, https://doi.org/10.4271/2026-01-0338.
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Published
Apr 07
Product Code
2026-01-0338
Content Type
Technical Paper
Language
English