Numerical simulation of spark-ignited flame kernels towards prospective application to hydrogen SI engines

2026-37-0015

To be published on 06/09/2026

Authors
Abstract
Content
The ongoing energy transition demands the decarbonization of the transport sector, for which the use of premixed hydrogen in spark-ignition (SI) engines appears very promising. However, modeling the combustion of the lean hydrogen/air mixtures required for safe, efficient, and low-NOx engine operation involves multiple open issues. Correct prediction of flame kernel initiation and growth is a difficulty that hydrogen shares with hydrocarbon fuels, while properly accounting for the instabilities that characterize lean hydrogen flames is an additional demanding task. In this work, a 1D kernel expansion model of general validity recently proposed by the authors is implemented into OpenFOAM, an open-source 3D CFD software package, to enable numerical simulation of expanding spark-ignited flame kernels. Firstly, the OpenFOAM framework is presented focusing on XiFluid, its thermophysical combustion model based on a regress variable whose evolution depends on the laminar flame speed. Then, the authors’ kernel expansion model, based on the transient thermo-diffusive theory, is briefly recalled to highlight its capabilities and outputs. The coupling between OpenFOAM and authors’ model is split into two stages, namely ignition and expansion. During the ignition stage, an artificial profile of the regress variable is temporarily imposed to ensure a stable numerical solution, following which the kernel expansion is simulated by feeding into XiFluid an equivalent flame speed extracted from the 1D model. The coupling is currently formulated for laminar kernels, simulations of which are conducted firstly for conventional fuels (methane and propane) and then for hydrogen. The results are validated against outcomes of experimental tests performed in a constant-volume combustion chamber operated by engine manufacturer Wärtsilä. The validation is satisfactory despite minor errors, mostly caused by OpenFOAM limitations especially in handling small transient flames. These will be addressed in future developments, which will also extend this approach to unstable turbulent hydrogen flames in SI engines.
Meta TagsDetails
Citation
Dotteschini, E., Pretto, M., Giannattasio, P., and Gadalla, M., "Numerical simulation of spark-ignited flame kernels towards prospective application to hydrogen SI engines," CO2 Reduction for Transportation Systems Conference, Turin, Italy, June 9, 2026, .
Additional Details
Publisher
Published
To be published on Jun 9, 2026
Product Code
2026-37-0015
Content Type
Technical Paper
Language
English