Next Generation Refrigerant Transition: Lessons Learned from Automotive Industry Experiences with CFC-12, HFC-134a and HFO-1234yf

This paper documents how experience with prior refrigerant transitions for motor vehicle air conditioners (MACs) can inform successful engineering strategies for smooth transition to next generation refrigerants with superior environmental performance in light of the 2016 Kigali amendment to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (Montreal Protocol), which phases down hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) globally. The paper examines the impact that engineering and policy choices have had on global refrigerant emissions and associated environmental impacts.