Modelling Approach of Thermal Runaway Propagation and Gas Venting Process in Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Comprehensive Review

With the growing popularity of electric vehicles (EVs) Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) exhibit unique characteristics such as long life, high specific energy, significant storage capacity, and remarkable energy density. The continual difficulty temperature non-uniformity over the battery surface and inside the battery pack, remains a major barrier in battery technology, significantly contributing to the tendency towards Thermal Runaway (TR). The hot gases discharged from a lithium-ion cell’s safety vent during a thermal runaway event carry flammable elements. If ignited, these gases heighten the potential for thermal runaway to spread to other cells within a multi-cell pack configuration. The study scrutinizes the effects of TR on the venting process. It explores contemporary approaches to minimize it, employing a variety of modeling methodologies such as Multiphysics, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), and electrochemical-thermal, in addition to experimental methods. The objective of this study is to gain a deeper understanding of the intricate aspects of battery Thermal Runaway Propagation (TRP) and gas venting. TR and venting both are key Li-ion battery problem, that raises safety concerns. Efficient modelling is critical for creating prediction and detectable strategies. This comprehensive analysis emphasizes the importance of TRP and gas venting modelling for forecasting and improving battery system safety measures.