Modeling of Engine Sprays

Atomization and full-cone sprays from single cylindrical orifices are considered. The following subjects are reviewed: the structure of the breakup region; the structure of the far field; modern models that, given the outcome of the breakup process, compute the steady and transient of sprays; some comparisons with detailed measurements; and some practical applications. The following conclusions are reached: the spray breakup and the development regions are the most relevant in engine applications; the inner structure of the breakup region is still largely unknown; two- and three-dimensional spray models are available but remain mostly untested, particularly in their vaporization and combustion components, in part because of a lack of accurate measurements in controlled engine-type environments; engine applications of such models are, nonetheless, recommended for very valuable learning, interpretative, and exploratory studies, but not for predictions.