How Injector, Engine, and Fuel variables Impact Smoke and Hydrocarbon Emissions with Port Fuel Injection

Statistically designed experiments with a port fuel injected, single-cylinder engine were run to determine the effects of injector-, engine-, and fuel-related variables on exhaust smoke and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions. Among injector-related variables, targeting the fuel spray at the inlet valve centerline toward the valve head resulted in low smoke and HC emissions. These factors apparently help break up the fuel spray and they help subsequent vaporization of the fuel droplets.

Among engine-related variables, high coolant temperatures and lean mixtures resulted in less smoke and HC emissions, probably because of better fuel vaporization.

Gasolines with aromaticity and 90% point close to the maximum of the ranges of commercial gasolines significantly increased HC and smoke emissions compared with gasolines representing the average or minimum values, of these ranges.