Fault Detection and Isolation Method for BDS/GPS Hybrid Constellation Oriented to Airworthiness Retrofit

2026-99-1415

9/11/2026

Authors
Abstract
Content
This work deals with the topic of integrating a multi-GNSS solution within existing avionics, specifically concentrating on airworthiness approval issues, thereby addressing risks associated with susceptibility in standalone GPS solutions. An older aircraft, still relying on existing GPS solutions, remains susceptible to jamming, spoofing, or single-point failures, which, in turn, pose risks associated with integrity requirements necessary for ADS-B or TAWS operation. An approach for a fault detection and isolation (FDI) scheme applicable to a BDS/GPS hybrid satellite system configuration suitable for airworthiness projects would thus be relevant. A transparent proxy architecture is proposed, which consists of a form-fit GPS/BDS dual-mode antenna replacement and an RF power splitter. This design makes it possible to provide BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) signals with neither changes in the interfaces nor structural changes being required to existing flight management systems. It includes a signal processing module that combines adaptive quality weighting on carrier-to-noise ratios, satellite elevation angles, and code-minus-carrier differences, as well as a carrier phase smoothing process via the Hatch filter. A multiple-channel approach in a parallel position system is designed, with different channels for GPS-only, BDS-only, as well as hybrid solutions, with weighted least squares estimation incorporating the Huber robust reweighting rule, along with Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM) with fault detection and exemption in every channel. A cross-constellation integrity monitoring algorithm is presented for the purpose of identifying constellation-level spoofing attacks that evade conventional single-system RAIM integrity. Simulation results, carried out for four different interference levels, show that the hybrid channel provides a 34% improvement in horizontal positioning accuracy compared with the GPS-only mode of operation. The cross-check method is able to effectively detect GPS spoofing attacks with position divergence exceeding 50m within a detection time of 25 seconds, along with a navigation availability of 99.9% under nominal operating conditions.
Meta TagsDetails
DOI
https://doi.org/10.4271/2026-99-1415
Citation
Ou, C., Zhang, K., and Zhu, H., "Fault Detection and Isolation Method for BDS/GPS Hybrid Constellation Oriented to Airworthiness Retrofit," 2025 International Conference on Aerospace and Electronic Information (ICAEI2025), Nanchang, China, December 19, 2025, https://doi.org/10.4271/2026-99-1415.
Additional Details
Publisher
Published
Sep 11
Product Code
2026-99-1415
Content Type
Technical Paper
Language
English