Factors Influencing Drive Cycle Emissions and Fuel Consumption

A method of predicting HC, CO and NO_x emissions and fuel-used over drive cycles has been developed. This has been applied to FTP-75 and ECE+EUDC drive cycles amended to include cold-start and warm-up. The method requires only fully-warm steady state indicated performance data to be available for the engine. This is used in conjunction with a model of engine thermal behaviour and friction characteristics, and vehicle/drive cycle specifications enabling engine brake load/speed variations to be defined. A time marching prediction of engine-out emissions and fuel consumption is carried out taking into account factors which include high engine friction and poor mixture preparation after cold-start. Comparisons with experimental data indicate that fuel consumption and emissions can be predicted to quantitative accuracy. The method has been applied to compare and contrast the importance of various operating regimes during the two cycles. Also penalties associated with cold-start and warm-up behaviour, catalyst light-off time and engine calibration have been investigated. Illustrations are based on the performance of a 1.81 four cylinder engine in a 1300kg vehicle with manual transmission.