In order to improve the transportation efficiency of high-speed trains, reduce the operational energy consumption and ensure the on-time arrival of trains, the operation curve optimization is regarded as a key way to achieve the above objectives. In this paper, a distributed control method and system for grouped trains based on multi-objective running curve optimization is introduced. Firstly, the train dynamics equations are established by considering the combined forces during train operation and the train driving maneuvering strategy, combining with the line conditions, and dividing the train operating conditions; secondly, combining with the virtual grouping technology, the train units are kept in a high safety and smooth tracking operation with small intervals between the train units; and then the constraints, such as setting up safety protection distance and Then, the constraints of safety protection distance and space-time safety protection are set, and with energy-saving and comfort as the optimization goals, the multi-objective hiking optimization algorithm (MOHOA) is adopted to optimize the operation curve according to the train's working conditions; finally, the high-speed train tracking and operation system model is considered to have nonlinear and parameter-variable characteristics, and is susceptible to external factors. Finally, considering that the high-speed train tracking system model has nonlinear and time-varying characteristics and is easily affected by external disturbances, a distributed control law is designed for the optimized running curve, and a sliding mode control method is adopted for tracking operation. By optimizing the running curve of the train and realizing the precise protection strategy, the control method established based on the optimized curve can ensure the smooth running of the train while improving the efficiency of railroad transportation.