Cybersecurity in Automotive OTA Update Systems and Software Store

Automotive Over-the-Air (OTA) software updating has become a cornerstone of the modern connected vehicle, enabling manufacturers to remotely deploy bug fixes, security patches, and new features. However, this convenience comes with significant cybersecurity challenges. This paper provides a detailed examination of automotive OTA update security and the associated software store (software Applications & services store) mechanisms. I discuss the current industry standards and regulations - notably ISO/SAE 21434 and the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) regulations UN R155 (cybersecurity) and UN R156 (software updates) - and explain their relevance to secure OTA and software update management. I then explore the Uptane framework, an open and widely-adopted architecture specifically designed to secure automotive OTA updates. Next, OTA-specific threat models are analyzed, detailing potential attack vectors (such as malicious update injection, man-in-the-middle attacks, and server compromises) and corresponding mitigation strategies. Real-world case studies are presented to illustrate both the risks (including high-profile vehicle hacks and system compromises) and the successful deployment of secure OTA systems in the industry. I conclude with insights into best practices for implementing a robust, compliant OTA update ecosystem, emphasizing a global perspective on regulations and the need for continuous vigilance throughout the vehicle lifecycle.