Rail transportation capacity is related to the number of trains that can be grouped within a convoy under a virtual coupling (VC) system. Grouping trains into larger convoys allows them to operate as a single train, reducing headway and increasing track usage compared with classic signaling systems. However, grouping trains has limitations, such as increased communication requirements between trains and stricter safety conditions. On the other hand, smaller convoys may offer less capacity increase but give more flexibility and operational resilience. Therefore, convoy size is an important parameter in balancing system performance.
The research investigates the operational impacts of varying convoy sizes on route capacity and delay using the UIC 406 standard methodology. Simulation results indicated that larger convoys increase route capacity, particularly as trains transition into convoy formation faster. In contrast, there are increased delays. These conclusions demonstrate that convoy size optimization is important for increasing capacity and managing delays, revealing the practical benefits of a convoy management system.