Advancing Sustainable Mobility: Transitioning to Zero-Emission Electric Vehicles with BEVs and FCVs

The transportation and mobility sector is undergoing a profound transformation, with a growing emphasis on sustainability and minimizing the environmental impact of transportation. Among the most significant trends is the transition to electric vehicles (EVs) in the form of Battery and Fuel cell, which produce zero emissions without any harmful gases release in nature. This review highlights several infrastructure-related issues and critical factors that could drive India's transportation sector toward adopting electric vehicles. It also delves into the fundamental understanding of e-mobility, shedding light on the daily challenges and barriers it faces. Furthermore, the study explores research aspects, including the strategies, methods, and tools used for electric vehicles to complete the research on Battery electric vehicles (BEV) and also comparative analysis with Fuel cell vehicles (FCVs). The shift BEVs has been driven by decreasing battery costs and advancements in charging infrastructure, making EVs a more feasible choice. The review also examines the Indian government's approach to e-mobility and compares India's infrastructure with that of developed nations to identify key factors. Finally, it suggests major strategies and solutions to address challenges facing the Indian automobile sector. Collaboration between automotive industry stakeholders and government entities will be essential to overcome these challenges and foster EV adoption. This will ultimately help reduce carbon emissions and air pollution. Together, these innovations are shaping a future of sustainable, efficient, and interconnected mobility.