A Spray/Wall Interaction Submodel for the KIVA-3 Wall Film Model

We report extensions of a three-dimensional computational model for the liquid wall films formed in port-injected engines. The extensions incorporate effects associated with spray/wall interactions-including droplet splash, film spreading due to impingement forces, and motion due to film inertia. We also include a submodel for the effects of liquid expelled from valve seat areas when valves close. Implementation of the extensions in the KIVA-3V computer program is described, and results of KIVA calculations of open- and closed-valve injection in a realistic four-valve engine geometry are presented. Computed film locations agree qualitatively with those observed in laser-induced fluorescence measurements.