This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
Predicting the Onset of End-Gas Autoignition with a Quasi-Dimensional Spark Ignition Engine Model
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
A predictive, quasi-dimensional simulation of combustion in a spark ignition engine has been coupled with a chemical kinetic model for the low temperature, pre-flame reactions of hydrocarbon fuel and air mixtures. The simulation is capable of predicting the onset of autoignition without prior knowledge of the cylinder pressure history. Near-wall temperature gradients were computed within the framework of the engine cycle simulation by dividing the region into a number of thin mass slices which were assumed to remain adjacent to the combustion chamber surfaces in both the burned and unburned gas. The influence of the near-wall turbulence on the temperature field was accounted for by means of a boundary layer turbulence model developed by the authors. Fluid motion in the bulk gases has been considered by the inclusion of a turbulence model based on k - ε theory while the flame propagation rate was predicted using a fractal flame model. Validation of the engine-cycle simulation is afforded by comparison of predicted turbulence intensities, gas temperatures, gas-wall interface heat fluxes and pressure histories with appropriate measured values. All showed good agreement. The heat release from the pre-flame reactions was estimated using the reduced kinetic model and has been accounted for in the overall engine simulation energy balance. The chemical kinetic and engine cycle models were solved simultaneously enabling the simulation of the coupled effects of the heat release by the pre-flame reactions on the end-gas temperatures and the subsequent influence of these temperatures on the rates of reaction in the end-gas region as combustion proceeds. Validation of the model is afforded by comparison of cylinder pressure predictions with those measured in a knocking engine. After modifying the Arrhenius parameter for the chain branching reaction in the chemical kinetic model the knock onset time was accurately predicted. In this context, the model was then employed to demonstrate the influence of the flame propagation rate on the knock onset time in a simulation of cyclically varying knock.
Recommended Content
Authors
Citation
Jenkin, R., James, E., and Malalasekera, W., "Predicting the Onset of End-Gas Autoignition with a Quasi-Dimensional Spark Ignition Engine Model," SAE Technical Paper 972877, 1997, https://doi.org/10.4271/972877.Also In
References
- Affleck W.S. Fish A. “Knock: Flame Acceleration or Spontaneous Ignition?” Comb. and Flame 12 243 252 1968
- Cuttler D.H. Girgis N.S. “Photography of Combustion During Knocking Cycles in Disc and Compact Chambers,” SAE Paper 880195 1988
- Stiebels B. Schreiber M. Sadat Sakak A. “Development of a New Measurement Technique for the Investigation of End-Gas Autoignition and Engine Knock,” SAE Paper 960827 1996
- Griffiths J.F. Nimmo W. “Spontaneous Ignition and Engine Knock Under Rapid Compression,” Comb. and Flame 60 215 218 1985
- Konig G. Sheppard C.G.W. “End-Gas Autoignition and Knock in a Spark Ignition Engine,” SAE Paper 902135 1990
- Konig G. Maly R.R. Bradley D. Lau A.K.C. Sheppard C.G.W. “Role of Exothermic Centres on Knock Initiation and Knock Damage,” SAE Paper 902136 1990
- Zeldovich YA. B. “Regime Classification of an Exothermic Reaction with Nonuniform Initial Conditions,” Comb. and Flame 39 211 214 1980
- Pan J. Sheppard C.G.W. “A Theoretical and Experimental Study of the Modes of End-Gas Autoignition Leading to Knock in S.I. Engines,” SAE Paper 942060 1994
- Gabano J.D. Kageyama T. Fisson F. Leyer J.C. “Experimental Simulation of Engine Knock by Means of a Preheated Static Combustion Chamber,” 22nd Symposium (International) on Combustion 447 454 The Combustion Institute 1988
- Lucht R.P. Teets R.E. Green R.M. Palmer R.E. Ferguson C.R. “Unburned Gas Temperatures in an Internal Combustion Engine. I: Cars Temperature Measurements,” Comb. Sci. and Tech. 55 41 61 1987
- Ferguson C.R. Green R.M. Lucht R.P. “Unburned Gas Temperatures in an Internal Combustion Engine. II: Heat Release Computations,” Comb. Sci. and Tech. 55 63 81 1987
- Hoffmann F. Bauerle B. Behrendt F. Warnatz J. “2D-LIF Investigation of Hot Spots in the Unburnt End Gas of I.C. Engines Using Formaldehyde as Tracer,” International Symposium, COMODIA 94 517 522 1994
- Nakada T. Itoh T. Takagi Y. “Application of CARS to Development of High Compression Ratio Spark Ignition Engine,” SAE Paper 932644 1993
- Kalghatgi G.T. Snowdon P. McDonald C.R. “Studies of Knock in a Spark Ignition Engine With CARS Temperature Measurements and Using Different Fuels,” SAE Paper 950690 1995
- Nakada T. Kokita H. Itoh T. “Effect of Uniformity in Mixture Strength and Unburned Gas Temperature in a Spark Ignition Engine,” International Symposium, COMODIA 94 177 182 1994
- Griffiths J.F. Halford-Maw P.A. Rose D.J. “Fundamental Features of Hydrocarbon Autoignition in a Rapid Compression Machine,” Comb. and Flame 95 291 306 1993
- Chun K.M Heywood J.B. Keck J.C. “Prediction of Knock Occurrence in a Spark-Ignition Engine,” 22nd Symposium (International) on Combustion 455 463 The Combustion Institute 1988
- Bradley D. Kalghatgi G.T. Morley C. Snowdon P. Yeo J. “CARS Temperature Measurements and the Cyclic Variability of Knock in Spark Ignition Engines,” 25th Symposium (International) on Combustion 125 133 The Combustion Institute 1994
- James E.H. “Temperature Gradients in Spark Ignition Engine Combustion Chambers,” SAE Paper 800458 1980
- James E.H. “Further Aspects of Combustion Modelling in Spark Ignition Engines,” SAE Paper 900684 1990
- Jenkin R.J. James E.H. Malalasekera W.M. “Modelling Near-Wall Temperature Gradients in ‘Motored’ Spark Ignition Engines,” SAE Paper 960070 1996
- Jenkin R.J. James E.H. Malalasekera W.M. “Modelling the Effects of Operating Conditions, Combustion and Turbulence on the Near-Wall Temperature Gradients in the Cylinders of Spark Ignition Engines,” To be Submitted to Journ. of Instn. Mech. Engrs.
- Li H. Miller D.L. Cernansky N.P. “Development of a Reduced Chemical Kinetic Model for Prediction of Pre-ignition Reactivity and Autoignition of Primary Reference Fuels,” SAE Paper 960498 1996
- Minetti R. Ribaucour M. Carlier M. Fittschen C. Sochet L.R. “Experimental and Modelling Study of Oxidation and Autoignition of Butane at High Pressure,” Comb. and Flame 96 201 211 1994
- Leppard W.R. “A Detailed Chemical Kinetics Simulation of Engine Knock,” Comb. Sci. and Tech. 43 1 20 1985
- Moses E. Yarin A.L. Bar-Yoseph P. “On Knocking Prediction in Spark Ignition Engines,” Comb. and Flame 101 239 261 1995
- Westbrook C.K. Warnatz J. Pitz W.J. “A Detailed Chemical Kinetic Reaction Mechanism for the Oxidation of Iso-Octane and n-Heptane Over an Extended Temperature Range and Its Application to the Analysis of Engine Knock,” 22nd Symposium (International) on Combustion 893 901 The Combustion Institute 1988
- Axelsson E.I. Brezinsky K. Pitz W.J. Westbrook C.K. “Chemical Kinetic Modelling of the Oxidation of Large Alkane Fuels: n-Octane and Iso-Octane,” 21st Symposium (International) on Combustion 783 793 The Combustion Institute 1986
- Westbrook C.K. Pitz W.J. Leppard W.R. “The Autoignition Chemistry of Paraffinic Fuels and Pro-Knock and Anti-Knock Additives: A Detailed Chemical Kinetic Study,” SAE Paper 912314 1991
- Kirsch L.J. Quinn C.P. “A Fundamentally Based Model of Knock in the Gasoline Engine,” 16th Symposium (International) on Combustion 233 244 The Combustion Institute 1976
- Hirst S.L. Kirsch L.J. “The Application of a Hydrocarbon Autoignition Model in Simulating Knock and Other Engine Combustion Phenomena,” Combustion Modelling in Reciprocating Engines 193 229 Plenum Press New York 1980
- Halstead M.P. Kirsch L.J. Quinn C.P. “The Autoigmtion of Hydrocarbon Fuels at High Temperatures and Pressures-Fitting of a Mathematical Model,” Comb. and Flame 30 45 1977
- Griffiths J.F. Jiao Q. Schreiber M. Meyer J. Knoche K.F. “Development of Thermokinetic Models for Autoignition in a CFD Code: Experimental Validation and Application of the Results to Rapid Compression Studies,” 24th Symposium (International) on Combustion 1809 1815 The Combustion Institute 1992
- Hu H. Keck J. “Autoignition of Adiabatically Compressed Combustible Gas Mixtures,” SAE Paper 872110 1987
- Brussovansky S. Heywood H.B. Keck J.C. “Predicting the Effects of Air and Coolant Temperature, Deposits, Spark Timing and Speed on Knock In Spark Ignition Engines,” SAE Paper 922324 1992
- Nakano M Nakahara S. Akihama K. Kobo S. Yamazahi S. “Predictions of the Knock Onset and the Effects of Heat Release Pattern and Unburned Gas Temperature on Torque at Knock Limit in S.I. Engines,” SAE Paper 952408 1995
- Cowart J.S. Keck J.C. Heywood J.B. Westbrook C.K. Pitz W.J. “Engine Knock Predictions Using a Fully-Detailed Mechanism and a Reduced Chemical Kinetic Mechanism,” 23rd Symposium (International) on Combustion 1055 1062 The Combustion Institute 1990
- Li H. Miller D.L. Cernansky N.P. “A Study on the Application of a Reduced Chemical Reaction Model to Motored Engines for Heat Release Prediction,” SAE Paper 922328 1992
- Li H. Prabhu S.K. Miller D.L. Cernansky N.P. “Autoignition Chemistry Studies on Primary Reference Fuels in a Motored Engine,” SAE Paper 942062 1994
- Tomita E. Hamamoto Y. Jiang D. “Temperature and Pressure Histories of End-Gas Under Knocking Conditions in a S.I. Engine,” International Symposium, COMODIA 94 183 188 1994
- Chun K. M. Heywood J.B. “Estimating Heat-Release and Mass-of-Mixture Burned from Spark Ignition Pressure Data,” Comb. Sci. and Tech. 54 133 143 1987
- Lucht R.P. Walter T. Dunn-Rankin D. Dreir T. Bopp S.C. “Heat Transfer in Engines: Comparison of CARS Thermal Boundary Layer Measurements and Heat Flux Measurements,” SAE Paper 910722 1991
- James E.H. “Laminar Burning Velocities of Iso-Octane-Air Mixtures - A Literature Overview,” SAE Paper 870170 1987
- Heimel S. Weast R.C. “Effect of Initial Mixture Temperature on the Burning Velocity of Benzine-Air, n-Heptane-Air and iso-Octane-Air Mixtures,” 6th Symposium (International) on Combustion 1957 The Combustion Institute
- Lancaster D.R. Krieger R.B. Sorensen S.C. Hull W.L. “Effects of Turbulence on Spark-Ignition Engine Combustion,” SAE Paper 760160 1976
- Metghalchi M. Keck J.C. “Burning Velocities of Mixtures of Air With Methanol, Iso-Octane and Indoline at High Pressure and Temperature,” Comb. and Flame 1982 48
- Gouldin F.C. “An Application of Fractals to Modelling Premixed Turbulent Flames,” Combustion and Flame 68 249 266 1987
- Mantzaras J. “Geometrical Properties of Turbulent Premixed Flames: Comparison Between Computed and Measured Quantities,” Comb. Sci. Tech. 86 l35 162 1992
- Mantzaras J. Felton P.G. Bracco F.V. “Three-Dimensional Visualization of Premixed-Charge Engine Flames: Islands of Reactants and Products; Fractal Dimensions; and Homogeneity,” SAE Paper 881635 1988
- North G.L. Santavicca D.A. “The Fractal Nature of Premixed Turbulent Flames,” Comb. Sci. and Tech. 72 215 232 1990
- Murayama M. Takeno T. “Fractal Like Character of Flamelets in Turbulent Premixed Combustion,” 22 nd Symposium (International) on Combustion 551 559 The Combustion Institute 1990
- Chin Y-W Matthews R. P. Nichols S.P. Kiehne T.M. “Use of Fractal Geometry to Model Turbulent Combustion in SI Engines,” Combust. Sci. and Tech. 86 1 30 1992
- Gouldin F.C. Hilton S.M Lamb T. “Experimental Evaluation of the Fractal Geometry of Flamelets,” 22 nd Symposium (International) on Combustion 541 550 The Combustion Institute 1990
- Wu C-M Roberts C.E. Matthews R.D. Hall M.J. “Effects of Engine Speed on Combustion in SI Engines: Comparison of Predictions of a Fractal Burning Model With Experimental Data,” Trans. of SAE 102 2277 2291 1993
- Arcoumanis C. Bae C.S. Hu Z. “Flow and Combustion in a Four-Valve, Spark-Ignition Optical Engine,” SAE Paper 940475 1994
- Arcoumanis C. Hu. Z. Vafidis C. Whitelaw J.H. “Tumbling Motion: A Mechanism for Turbulence Enhancement in Spark-Ignition Engines,” SAE Paper 900060 1990
- Haddaed O. Denbratt I. “Turbulence Characteristics of Tumbling Air Motion in Four-Valve S.I. Engines and their Correlation with Combustion Parameters,” SAE Paper 910478 1991
- Saxena V. Rask R.B. “Influence of Inlet Flows on the Flow Field in an Engine,” SAE Paper 870369 1987
- Daneyshar H. Fuller D.E. “Definition and Measurement of Turbulence Parameters in Reciprocating I.C. Engines,” SAE Paper 861529 1986
- Liou T.-M. Hall M. Santavicca D.A. Bracco F.V. “Laser Doppler Velocimetry Measurements in Valved and Ported Engines,” SAE Paper, 840375 1984
- Liou T.-M. Santavicca D.A. “Cycle Resolved Turbulence Measurements in a Ported Engine With and Without Swirl,” SAE Paper 830419 1983
- Davis G.C. Borgnakke C. “The Effect of In-Cylinder Flow Processes (Swirl, Squish and Turbulence Intensity) on Engine Efficiency - Model Predictions,” SAE Paper 820045 1982
- Puzinauskas P. Borgnakke C. “Evaluation and Improvement of a Unsteady Heat Transfer Model for Spark Ignition Engines,” SAE Paper 910298 1991
- Morel T. Rackmal C.I. Kenbasr R. Jennings M.J. “Model for Unsteady Heat Transfer and Combustion in Spark Ignited Engines and its Comparison With Experiments,” SAE Paper 880198 1988
- Borgnakke C. Davis G.C. Tabaczynski R.J. “Predictions of In-Cylinder Swirl Velocity and Turbulence Intensity for an Open Chamber Cup in Piston Engine,” SAE Paper 810224 1981
- Hall M.J. Bracco F.V. “A Study of Velocities and Turbulence Intensities Measured in Firing and Motored Engines,” SAE Paper 870453 1987
- Arcoumanis C.A. Bicen A.F. Whitelaw J.H. “Effect of Inlet Flow Parameters on the Flow Characteristics in a Four-Stroke Model Engine,” SAE Paper 820750 1982
- Hall M.J. Bracco F.V. “Cycle-Resolved Velocity and Turbulence Measurements Near the Cylinder Wall of a Firing S.I. Engine,” SAE Paper 861530 1986
- Pierce P.H. Ghandi J.B. Martin J.K. “Near-Wall Velocity Characteristics in Valved and Ported Engines,” SAE Paper 920152 1992
- Foster D.E. Witze P.O. “Velocity Measurements in the Wall Boundary Layer of a Spark Ignited Research Engine,” SAE Paper 872105 1987
- Heywood J.B. “Fluid Motion Within the Cylinder of Internal Combustion Engines -The 1986 Freeman Scholar Lecture,” ASME Journ. of Fluids Eng. 109 3 1987
- Witze P.O. Martin J.K. Borgnakke C. “Measurements and Predictions of the Precombustion Fluid Motion and Combustion Rates in a Spark Ignition Engine,” Trans. Soc. Auotomotive Engrs. 92 786 796 1983
- Dao, K. Uyehara, O.A. Myres, P.S. “Heat Transfer Rates at Gas-Wall Interfaces in Motored Piston Engine,” Paper No. 760632 , S.A.E. 1973
- Alkidas A.C. “Heat Transfer Characteristics of a Spark-Ignition Engine,” ASME Joun. of Heat Trans. 102 189 193 1980
- Henig Y. Addagarla S. Miller D.L. Wilk R.D. Cernansky N.P. “Autoignition on n-Butane/Isobutane Blends in a Knock Research Engine,” SAE Paper 890157 1989
- Witze P.O. Green R.M. “Determining the Location of End-Gas Autoignition Using Ionisation Probes Installed In the Head Gasket,” SAE Paper 932645 1993
- Kalghatgi G.T. Golombok M. Snowdon P. “Fuel Effects on Knock, Heat Release and ‘CARS’ Temperatures in a Spark Ignition Engine,” Comb. Sci. and Tech. 110-111 209 228 1995
- Bradley D. Kalghatgi G. T. Golombok M. “Fuel Blend and Mixture Strength Effects on Autoignition Heat Release Rates and Knock Intensity in S.I. Engines,” SAE Paper 962105 1996
- Keck J.C. Heywood J.B. Noske G. “Early flame Development and Burning Rates in Spark Ignition Engines and Their Cyclic Variability,” SAE Paper 870164 , SAE Trans. 96 162 175 1987
- Pischinger S. Heywood J.B. “How Heat Losses to the Spark Plug Electrodes Affect Flame Kernel Development in an SI-Engine,” SAE Paper 900021 1990
- Shen H. Hinze P.C. Heywood J.B. “A Model For Flame Initiation and Early Flame Development in SI Engine and its Application to Cycle-to-Cycle Variations,” SAE Paper 942049 1994
- Pischinger S. Heywood J.B. “A Model for Flame Kernel Development in a Spark-Ignition Engine,” 23 rd Symposium (International) on Combustion 1033 1040 The Combustion Institute 1990
- Kumar S. De-Zylva M.D. Watson H.C. “Prediction of Cyclically-Variable Pressure-Time History of a SI Engine Using a Quasi-Dimensional Spherical Flame Front Model,” SAE Paper 912454 1991
- Lyon D. I. Mech. E. Paper No. C307/86 1986