This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
A Contribution to the Understanding of Friction and Squeal of Automotive Brakes: Wear Particle Generation and Deformation of Sliding Surface Region Influencing the Friction Coefficients of Copper-Free Disc Pads
Technical Paper
2021-01-1288
ISSN: 0148-7191, e-ISSN: 2688-3627
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
Copper-free disc pads of 9 different compositions were made using a traditional hot molding process and tested to study frictional behavior. It is found that the friction coefficient consists primarily of two parts; one part controlled by the plastic deformation of the friction surface region of the disc and pad, and the second part controlled by the total wear of the disc and pads. As the plastic deformation and the wear are non-linear with respect to the load and sliding speed, the friction coefficient becomes a non-linear function of the load and speed. Under moderate braking conditions, the plastic deformation part is more significant in determining the friction coefficient while under more severe braking conditions, the wear contribution becomes more significant. The frictional behavior of a fade cycle is explained, and the correlation between brake squeal and disc wear is confirmed.
Recommended Content
Technical Paper | Experimental Investigation of Dither Control on Effective Braking Torque |
Technical Paper | Brake Pad Wear Prediction Using Finite Element Techniques |
Technical Paper | Modelling Of Brake Lining Wear For LWH Life Prediction Procedure |
Authors
Topic
Citation
Rhee, S., Sriwiboon, M., Kaewlob, K., and Tiempan, N., "A Contribution to the Understanding of Friction and Squeal of Automotive Brakes: Wear Particle Generation and Deformation of Sliding Surface Region Influencing the Friction Coefficients of Copper-Free Disc Pads," SAE Technical Paper 2021-01-1288, 2021, https://doi.org/10.4271/2021-01-1288.Also In
References
- Rhee , S. , Sharma , D. , Singh , S. , and Rathee , A. An Investigation of the Role of Wear and Friction Film Influencing the Friction Coefficient of Brakes: Mechanism of Brake Fade SAE Technical Paper 2020-01-1630 2020 https://doi.org/10.4271/2020-01-1630
- Rhee , S.K. Wear Equation for Polymers Sliding Against Metal Surfaces Wear 16 1970 431 445
- Rhee , S.K. Wear of Metal-Reinforced Phenolic Resins Wear 18 1971 471 477
- Libsch , T.A. , Becker , P.C. , and Rhee , S.K. Dry Friction and Wear of Toughened Zirconia and Toughened Alumina Against Steel Wear 110 1986 263 283
- Kasahara , K. and Komukai , S. Sliding Wear Properties of Polychlorotrifluoroethylene Journal of the Society of Materials Science, Japan 40 454 849 855 1991
- Reddy , A.C. Experimental Validation of Dry Wear Formulation of AA7020/Zirconia Nanoparticle Metal Matrix Composites 3rd International Conference on Modern Materials and Manufacturing New Delhi, India Dec. 2011 357 36
- Grzelczk , D. and Awrejcewicz , J. Wear Processes in a Mechanical Friction Clutch: Theoretical, Numerical and Experimental Studies Research Article/Open Access 2015 2015 725685 https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/725685
- Bakar , A. , James , L. , Ouyang , H. , and Siegel , J. NANOPDF.com 2018
- Alavala , C.R. Probability Analysis Based on Normal Distribution for Optimistic Wear Rate or AA2024/Zirconia Metal Matrix Composites American Journal of Engineering Research 5 9 2016 48 52
- Alavala , C.R. Adhesive and Abrasive Wear Behavior of AA4015 Alloy/Si3N4 Metal Matrix Composites Indian Journal of Engineering 13 34 2016 625 633
- Rhee , S.K. , Sriwiboon , M. , Tiempan , N. , and Kaewlob , K. The Normal-Load and Sliding-Speed Dependence of the Coefficient of Friction, and Wear-Particle Generation Contributing to Friction: High-Copper and Copper-Free Formulations SAE Technical Paper 2019-01-2131 2019 https://doi.org/10.4271/2019-01-2031
- Rhee , S. Friction Coefficient of Automotive Friction Materials - Its Sensitivity to Load, Speed, and Temperature SAE Technical Paper 740415 1974 https://doi.org/10.4271/740415
- Rhee , S.K. Friction Properties of a Phenolic Resin Filled with Iron and Graphite --- Sensitivity to Load, Speed and Temperature Wear 28 1974 277 281
- Tarr , W.R. and Rhee , S.K. Static Friction of Automotive Friction Materials Wear 33 1975 373 375
- Ravichandran , G. , Rosakis , A.J. , Hodowany , J. , and Rosakis , P. On the Conversion of Plastic Work into Heat During High-Strain-Rate Deformation Furnish , M.D. , Thadani , N.N. and Horie , Y. CP620, Shock Compression of Condensed Matter - 2001 American Institute of Physics 2002 557 562
- Sherwood , B.A. and Bernard , W.H. Work and Heat Transfer in the Presence of Sliding Friction Am. J. Phys. 52 11 1984 1001 1007
- Rubtsov , V.E. and Kolubaev , A.V. Effect of Heat Generation Due to Plastic Deformation of Surface-Layer Material during Sliding Journal of Friction and Wear 30 5 2009 324 328
- Rigney , D.A. and Hirth , J.P. Plastic Deformation and Sliding Friction of Metals Wear 53 1979 345 370
- Krause , D.E. Gray Iron - A Unique Engineering Material Gray, Ductile, and Malleable Iron Castings - Current Capabilities, ASTM STP 455, American Society for Testing and Materials 1969 3 29
- Lee , S.J. , Kim , S.W. , Kim , S.W. , and Rhee , S.K. Brake Disc Variability: Effect on Friction and Wear SAE Int. J. Passeng. Cars - Mech. Syst. 6 3 2013 https://doi.org/10.4271/2013-01-2053
- Guesser , W.L. , Cabezas , C.S. , Guedes , L.C. , and Zanatta , A.M. High Temperature Strength of Cast Irons for Cylinder Heads Materials Science Forum 925 2018 385 392 www.dscientific.net/MSF.925.385
- Longbottom , R.J. , Ostrovski , O. , Zhang , J. , and Young , D. Stability of Cementite Formed from Hematite and Titanomagnetite Ore Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 38B 2007 175 185 https://doi.org/10:1007/s11663-006-9005-2
- Chen , H. , Ji , Y. , Zhang , C. , Liu , W. et al. Understanding Cementite Dissolution in Pearlitic Steels Subjected to Rolling-Sliding Contact Loading: A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Study Acta Metallurgica 141 2017 193 205
- Bhadeshia , H.K.D.H. Cementite Journal of International Materials Review 65 1 2020 1 27
- Haenny , L. and Zambelli , G. Strain Mechanisms in Gray Cast Iron Engineering Fracture Mechanics 18 2 1983 377 387
- Brauer , S.A. , Wittington , W.R. , John Son , K.L. , Li , B. et al. Strain Rate and Stress-State Dependence of Gray Cast Iron Trans. of ASME, J. of Eng. Mat. and Tech. 139/021013-5 April 2017
- Rhee , S. , DuCharme , R. , and Spurgeon , W. Characterization of Cast Iron Friction Surfaces SAE Technical Paper 720056 1972 https://doi.org/10.4271/720056
- Rhee , S.K. and DuCharme , R.T. The Friction Surface of Gray Cast Iron Brake Rotors Wear 23 1973 271 273
- Liu , T. , Rhee , S.K. , and Lawson , K.L. A Study of Wear Rates and Transfer Films of Friction Materials Wear 60 1980 1 12
- Rhee , S.K. , Jacko , M.G. , and Tsang , P.H.S. The Role of Friction Film in Friction, Wear, and Noise of Automotive Brakes SAE Trans. Section 6: Journal of Passenger Cars 99 1990 1 8
- Oersterle , W. and Urban , I. Friction Layers and Friction Films on PMC, Brake Pads Wear 257 1 - 2 2004 215 226
- Lee , S. , Kim , S.W. , Kim , S.W. , and Rhee , S. Characterization of Disc Wear Particles Transferred to the NAO Pad Surface: Brake Squeal SAE Technical Paper 2015-01-2684 2015 https://doi.org/10-4271/2015-01-2648
- Jacko , M.G. , Tsang , P.H.S. , and Rhee , S.K. Wear Debris Compaction and Friction Film Formation of Polymer Composites Wear 133 1 1989 23 38
- Chen , Y. , Fan , D. , Qin , T. , and Chu , F. Thermal Degradation and Stability of Accelerated Curing Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin BioResources 9 3 2016 4063 4075
- Sriwiboon , M. , Tiempan , N. , Kaewlob , K. , and Rhee , S.K. Changing Properties of Brake Pads and Discs during Brake Testing SAE Technical Paper 2020-01-1628 2020 https://doi.org/10.4271/2020-01-1628
- Ttsuya , Y. and Takagi , R. Lubricating Properties of Lead on Copper Wear 7 2 1964 131 143
- Traxler , R.N. 1962
- Roshani , A. and Fall , M. Flowability of Cemented Pastefill Material that Contains Nano-Silica Particles Powder Technology 373 2020 289 300 doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2020.06.050
- Andersson , R. , Hernandez , G. , Edstrom , K. , and Mindemark , J. Micro versus Nano: Impact of Particle Size on the Flow Characteristics of Silicon Anode Slurries Energy Technology 8 7 https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.202000056
- Soto-Castruita , E. , Ramirez-Gonzalez , P.V. , Martinez-Cortez , U. , and Quinones-Cisneros , S.E. Effect of the Temperature on the Non-Newtonian Behavior of Heavy Oils Energy Fuels 29 5 2015 2883 2889 https://doi.org/10.1021/ef502171d
- Marburg , A. and Pal , J. Residual Stresses in Cast Iron Diploma work No. 200/2017, Charmers University of Technology 2017
- Herring , D.H. www.industrialheating.com/articles/94644-heat-treatment-of-cast-iron 2018
- Maraveas , C. , Wang , Y.C. , Swailes , T.S. , and Sotiriadis , G. An Experimental Investigation of Mechanical Properties of Structural Cast Iron at Elevated Temperatures and after Cooling Down Fire Safety Journal 71 January 2015 340 352 10.1016/j.firesaf.2014.11.026
- Rhee , S.K. , Sriwiboon , M. , Sukultanasorn , J. , and Kaewlob , K. An Investigation of Property Changes of Copper-Free Brakew Pads During Wear Testing: Pressure and Temperature Dependence of Pad Modulus, and the Correlation between Modulus and Friction Coefficient SAE Technical Paper 2021-01-1276 2021 https://doi.org/10.4271/2021-01-1276
- Rabinowicz , E. Friction and Wear of Materials New York Wiley Interscience 1965
- Bowden , F.P. and Tabor , D. Steel Rider on Indium Coated Tool Steel Bull. 145, Comm. Of Australia Counc. Sci. Ind. Res. 1942 39
- Kim , S.W. , Lee , S.J. , Park , B.K. , Kim , S.W. et al. A Comparative Study of Non-Asbestos Organics vs. Low Steel Lomets for Humidity Sensitivity SAE Technical Paper 2012-01-1788 2012 https://doi.org/10.4271/2012-01-1788
- Sriwiboon , M. , Tiempan , N. , Kaewlob , K. , and Rhee , S.K. Influence of Formulation and Process Modification on Brake Friction, Wear and Squeal: Low-Copper NAOs and Importance of Disc Wear SAE Technical Paper 2014-01-2482 2014 https://doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-2482
- Sriwiboon , M. , Tiempen , N. , Kaewlob , K. , and Rhee , S. Brake Squeal and Wheel Dust vs. Disc Wear: No-Copper, Low-Copper and High-Copper NAOs SAE Int. J. Mater. Manuf. 9 1 2016 10.2471/2015-01-2660
- Lee , S. , Jeon , J. , Jeong , J. , Park , B. et al. Disc Brake Squeal vs. Disc Pad Compressibility-Caliper Stiffness interactions: Low-Frequency Squeal and High-Frequency Squeal vs. Differential Pad Wear SAE Technical Paper 2017-01-2528 2017 https://doi.org/10.4271/2017-01-2528
- Lee , S. , Jeon , J. , Kim , S.W. , Kim , S.W. et al. A Study of Low-Frequency and High-Frequency Disc Brake Squeal SAE Int. J. Passeng. Cars - Mech. Syst. 9 3 2016 io.4271/2016-01-1944
- Otto , J. , Ostermeyer , G. , and Rhee , S. On the Wear Dependence of Low-Frequency and High-Frequency Brake Squeal SAE Technical Paper 2018-01-1902 2018 https://doi.org/104271/2018-01-1902
- Spurgeon , W.M. , Rhee , S.K. , and Jacko , M.G. Brake Friction-Material Wear as a Stochastic Process Bendix Technical Journal 6 2 Winter 1973/74 1 10