This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
Evaluation of Hybrid, Electric and Fuel Cell Powertrain Solutions for Class 6-7 Medium Heavy-Duty Vehicles
Technical Paper
2021-01-0723
ISSN: 2641-9637, e-ISSN: 2641-9645
This content contains downloadable datasets
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Event:
SAE WCX Digital Summit
Language:
English
Abstract
Electrification of heavy-duty trucks has received significant attention in the past year as a result of future regulations in some states. For example, California will require a certain percentage of tractor trailers, delivery trucks and vans sold to be zero emission by 2035. However, the relatively low energy density of batteries in comparison to diesel fuel, as well as the operating profiles of heavy-duty trucks, make the application of electrified powertrain in these applications more challenging. Heavy-duty vehicles can be broadly classified into two main categories; long-haul tractors and vocational vehicles. Long-haul tractors offer limited benefit from electrification due to the majority of operation occurring at constant cruise speeds, long range requirements and the high efficiency provided by the diesel engine. However, vocational applications can realize a significant benefit from electrified powertrains due to their lower vehicle speeds, frequent start-stop driving and shorter operating range requirements.
As the heavy-duty industry deals with solving challenges around the application of electrified powertrains, there are multiple pathways that can be explored to meet future regulatory requirements. This paper is the second part of a two-paper series that focuses on evaluating electrified solutions for Class 6-7 medium heavy-duty vehicles in the 2027 and beyond time frame. Using a model-based approach, this paper presents a comprehensive analysis that compares the baseline diesel powertrain against multiple alternative powertrain configurations. These configurations include, an optimized parallel diesel hybrid, all-electric, diesel range extender, gasoline range extender, Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) range extender, and fuel cell range extender; which are evaluated on the basis of cost of ownership, fuel efficiency, emissions, payback period, lost payload opportunity, range, and battery life. The analysis shows that for a near-term less-disruptive scenario wherein the conventional diesel powertrain layout is preserved, a 48V P3 parallel hybrid vehicle configuration is the most cost-effective solution, while for a near-term more-disruptive scenario, the Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) based Range Extender Electric Vehicles (REEVs) have the most potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions while achieving lower cost of ownership than the baseline vehicle. For a longer-term and more-disruptive scenario, the all-electric vehicle configuration can achieve parity with the baseline vehicle cost of ownership provided the vehicle driving range requirement is limited to 100-150 miles. The analysis further highlights that the overall benefit of an all-electric powertrain solution depends significantly on the future battery technology advancements and vehicle range requirements.
Authors
Topic
Citation
Joshi, S., Dahodwala, M., Ahuja, N., Dhanraj, F. et al., "Evaluation of Hybrid, Electric and Fuel Cell Powertrain Solutions for Class 6-7 Medium Heavy-Duty Vehicles," SAE Int. J. Adv. & Curr. Prac. in Mobility 3(6):2955-2971, 2021, https://doi.org/10.4271/2021-01-0723.Data Sets - Support Documents
| Title | Description | Download |
|---|---|---|
| Unnamed Dataset 1 | ||
| Unnamed Dataset 2 | ||
| Unnamed Dataset 3 | ||
| Unnamed Dataset 4 | ||
| Unnamed Dataset 5 | ||
| Unnamed Dataset 6 | ||
| Unnamed Dataset 7 | ||
| Unnamed Dataset 8 | ||
| Unnamed Dataset 9 | ||
| Unnamed Dataset 10 | ||
| Unnamed Dataset 11 |
Also In
SAE International Journal of Advances and Current Practices in Mobility
Number: V130-99EJ; Published: 2021-12-10
Number: V130-99EJ; Published: 2021-12-10
References
- Rizzoni , G. , Ahmed , Q. , Arasu , M. , and Oruganti , P.S. Transformational Technologies Reshaping Transportation-An Academia Perspective SAE Technical Paper 2019-01-2620 2019 https://doi.org/10.4271/2019-01-2620
- Mock , P. https://theicct.org/sites/default/files/publications/ICCT_Pocketbook_2018_Final_20181205.pdf
- EU Regulation (EU) 2019/1242 Setting CO2 Emission Performance Standards for New Heavy-Duty Vehicles Official Journal of the European Union L 198 202 2019
- Buysse , C. and Sharpe , B. https://theicct.org/sites/default/files/publications/CA-HDV-EV-policy-update-jul212020.pdf
- Roeth , M. Transformational Technologies Reshaping Transportation-An Industry Perspective SAE Technical Paper 2020-01-1945 2020 https://doi.org/10.4271/2020-01-1945
- Aug 2016
- Minarcin , M. , Rask , E. , and Smith , M. Challenges and Opportunities in Adoption of Hybrid Technologies in Medium and Heavy Duty Applications SAE Technical Paper 2011-01-2251 2011 https://doi.org/10.4271/2011-01-2251
- Jeffers , M.A. , Miller , E. , Kelly , K. , Kresse , J. et al. Development and Demonstration of a Class 6 Range-Extended Electric Vehicle for Commercial Pickup and Delivery Operation SAE Int. J. Advances & Curr. Prac. in Mobility 2 3 1602 1608 2020 https://doi.org/10.4271/2020-01-0848
- Gao , Z. , Finney , C. , Daw , C. , LaClair , T. et al. Comparative Study of Hybrid Powertrains on Fuel Saving, Emissions, and Component Energy Loss in HD Trucks SAE Int. J. Commer. Veh 7 2 414 431 2014 https://doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-2326
- Proust , A. and Surcel , M. Evaluation of Class 7 Diesel-Electric Hybrid Trucks SAE Technical Paper 2012-01-1987 2012 https://doi.org/10.4271/2012-01-1987
- Yang , F. , Xu , C. , and Sun , J. Design and Analysis of Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicles for Heavy-Duty Truck Applications in a Total Cost of Ownership Framework SAE Technical Paper 2018-01-5025 2018 https://doi.org/10.4271/2018-01-5025
- Zhu , D. , Pritchard , E.G.D. , and Silverberg , L.M. A New System Development Framework Driven by a Model-Based Testing Approach Bridged by Information Flow IEEE Systems Journal 12 3 2917 2924 2016
- Dahodwala , M. , Joshi , S. , Dhanraj , F. , Ahuja , N. et al. Evaluation of 48V and High Voltage Parallel Hybrid Diesel Powertrain Architectures for Class 6-7 Medium Heavy-Duty Vehicles SAE Technical Paper 2021-01-0720 2021
- Joshi , S. , Dahodwala , M. , Koehler , E. , Franke , M. et al. Trade-Off Analysis and Systematic Optimization of a Heavy-Duty Diesel Hybrid Powertrain SAE Technical Paper 2020-01-0847 2020 https://doi.org/10.4271/2020-01-0847
- Joshi , S. , Dahodwala , M. , Koehler , E. , Franke , M. , Naber , J. et al. Controls Development and Vehicle Drive Cycle Analysis of Integrated Turbocompounding, Electrification and Supercharging System ASME, Proceedings of the Internal Combustion Engine Fall Technical Conference 2018, ICEF2018-9703
- Madeleine , E. , Nerea , N. , Stefan , K. , Johannes , S. , Holger , B. , Alexander , W. , and Dirk , U.S.
- Johannes , S. , Stefan , K. , Madeleine , E. , and Dirk , U.S. A Holistic Aging Model for Li(NiMnCo)O2 Based 18650 Lithium-Ion Batteries Journal of Power Sources 257 325 334 0378-7753 2014 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.02.012
- Smith , D. , Graves , R. , Lustbader , J. , Kelly , K. et al. Dec. 2019 https://info.ornl.gov/sites/publications/Files/Pub136575.pdf
- Eaton https://www.eaton.com/content/dam/eaton/products/emobility/power-systems/eaton-ev-transmissions-brochure-emob0003-en.pdf
- Mehrdad , E. , Yimin , G. , and Ali , E. 2009
- US Department of Energy https://www.energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/doe-technical-targets-hydrogen-production-electrolysis
- Miller , E. Hydrogen Production and Delivery Program 2017 Annual Merit Review and Peer Evaluation Meeting, DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program https://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/review17/pd000_miller_2017_o.pdf
- US Department of Energy April 2020 https://afdc.energy.gov/files/u/publication/alternative_fuel_price_report_april_2020.pdf
- Ballard https://www.ballard.com/docs/default-source/spec-sheets/fcmovetm.pdf?sfvrsn=77ebc380_2
- Eudy , L. , Post , M. , and Gikakis , C. https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/64974.pdf
- Pocard , N. https://blog.ballard.com/fuel-cell-price-drop
- Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy https://www.energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/doe-technical-targets-onboard-hydrogen-storage-light-duty-vehicles
- Gamma Technologies https://www.gtisoft.com/fuel-cell-system-modeling/
- FEV https://www.fev.com/en/what-we-do/software-and-testing-solutions/products/testing/calibration/topexpert-xcal.html
- Marcinkoski , J. , Vijayagopal , R. , Adams , J. , James , B. , Kopasz , J. , and Ahluwalia , R. https://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/19006_hydrogen_class8_long_haul_truck_targets.pdf
- US Department of Energy https://www.energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/doe-technical-targets-fuel-cell-systems-and-stacks-transportation-applications
- US Department of Energy https://afdc.energy.gov/data/10309
- Hunter , C. and Penev , M. Market Segmentation Analysis of Medium and Heavy Duty Trucks with a Fuel cell Emphasis NREL, DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program, 2019, Annual Merit Review and Peer Evaluation Meeting https://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/review19/sa169_hunter_2019_o.pdf
- Austin , D. Pricing Freight Transport to Account for External Costs Working Paper Series Congressional Budget Office Washington, DC https://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/114th-congress-2015-2016/workingpaper/50049-Freight_Transport_Working_Paper-2.pdf March 2015
- United States Department of Transportation https://www.bts.gov/content/average-freight-revenue-ton-mile
- California Air Resource Board Dec. 19, 2018 https://ww3.arb.ca.gov/msprog/onroadhd/final_hdvtpd_phase_2_ghg_clean_complete_4-19.pdf
- De Clerck , Q. , van Lier , T. , Lebeau , P. , Messagie , M. et al. How Total Is a Total Cost of Ownership? World Electric Vehicle Journal 8 736 747 2016 10.3390/wevj8040742