This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
Benchtop Investigation of Filtration Efficiency and Pressure Drop Behavior of Commercial High Porosity Gasoline Particulate Filters
Technical Paper
2019-01-0054
ISSN: 0148-7191, e-ISSN: 2688-3627
This content contains downloadable datasets
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
The increasing number of gasoline direct injection (GDI) vehicles on the roads has drawn attention to their particulate matter (PM) emissions, which are greater both in number and mass than port fuel injected (PFI) spark ignition (SI) engines [1]. Regulations have been proposed and implemented to reduce exposure to PM, which has been shown to have negative impacts on both human health and the environment [2, 3]. Currently, the gasoline particulate filter (GPF) is the proposed method of reducing the amount of PM from vehicle exhaust, but modifications to improve the filtration efficiency (FE) and reduce the pressure drop across the filter are yet needed for implementation of this solution in on-road vehicles. This work evaluates the impacts of wall thickness and cell density on filtration efficiency and backpressure using a benchtop filtration system. For both unmodified and modified GPFs, the filtration efficiency was studied using a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS), and the pressure drop across the filter was obtained using a differential pressure transducer. The performance of the unmodified GPFs were investigated at three space velocities: 15,000 hr-1, 30,000 hr-1, and 60,000 hr-1. Increasing space velocity through unmodified GPFs results in decreasing FE by approximately 5% for every 15,000 hr-1 increase, which means a GPF has its lowest FE and highest pressure drop at 60,000 hr-1. The GPF with lowest initial FE and pressure drop, 300-10, was modified by preloading calcium sulfate (CaSO4) to form a cake layer on the walls. The improvement of about 10% to the filtration efficiency and increase of about 6% to the pressure drop when loaded to 20 g/L indicates that a preloaded cake layer can improve performance with less penalty than increasing wall thickness.
Recommended Content
Citation
Porter, Q. and Strzelec, A., "Benchtop Investigation of Filtration Efficiency and Pressure Drop Behavior of Commercial High Porosity Gasoline Particulate Filters," SAE Technical Paper 2019-01-0054, 2019, https://doi.org/10.4271/2019-01-0054.Data Sets - Support Documents
Title | Description | Download |
---|---|---|
Unnamed Dataset 1 | ||
Unnamed Dataset 2 | ||
Unnamed Dataset 3 | ||
Unnamed Dataset 4 | ||
Unnamed Dataset 5 |
Also In
References
- Saliba , G. et al. Comparison of Gasoline Direct-Injection (GDI) and Port Fuel Injection (PFI) Vehicle Emissions: Emission Certification Standards, Cold-Start, Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation Potential, and Potential Climate Impacts Environmental Science & Technology 51 11 6542 6552 2017
- Hoek , G. et al. Long-Term Air Pollution Exposure and Cardio- Respiratory Mortality: A Review. Environmental Health A Global Access Science Source 12 1 1 15 2013
- Anderson , J.O. , Thundiyil , J.G. , and Stolbach , A. Clearing the Air: A Review of the Effects of Particulate Matter Air Pollution on Human Health Journal of Medical Toxicology: Offficial Journal of the American College of Medical Toxicology 8 2 166 175 2012
- EPA 2017
- Baker , J.A. Particulate Matter Regulation and Implications for the Diesel Engine SAE Technical Paper 981174 1998 10.4271/981174
- Harrison , R.M. and Yin , J. Particulate Matter in the Atmosphere: Which Particle Properties Are Important for Its Effects on Health? Science of the Total Environment 249 1 85 101 2000
- EPA 2016
- Weinmayr , G. et al. Long-Term Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter and Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in a Cohort Study: Effects of Total and Traffic-Specific Air Pollution Environ Health 14 53 2015
- Gladstein , N.A. 2013
- 2016
- Jacobson , M.Z. Control of Fossil-Fuel Particulate Black Carbon and Organic Matter, Possibly the Most Effective Method of Slowing Global Warming Journal of Geophysical Research 107 D19 2002
- Piock , W. , Hoffmann , G. , Berndorfer , A. , Salemi , P. et al. Strategies Towards Meeting Future Particulate Matter Emission Requirements in Homogeneous Gasoline Direct Injection Engines SAE Int. J. Engines 4 1 1455 1468 2011 10.4271/2011-01-1212
- Mamakos , A. et al. Assessment of Different Technical Options in Reducing Particle Emissions from Gasoline Direct Injection Vehicles Journal of Aerosol Science 63 115 125 2013
- Brezny , R. 2016
- Barnes , C. Effect of Ethanol on the Oxidative Reactivity of Gasoline Direct Injection Particulate Mechanical Engineering 2017
- Zhang , M. et al. Influence of Diluents on Combustion and Emission Characteristics of a GDI Engine Applied Thermal Engineering 124 746 755 2017
- Craig , A. , Warkins , J. , Aravelli , K. , Moser , D. et al. Low Cost LEV-III, Tier-III Emission Solutions with Particulate Control Using Advanced Catalysts and Substrates SAE Int. J. Engines 9 2 1276 1288 2016 10.4271/2016-01-0925
- Chen , L. et al. Characterizing Particulate Matter Emissions from GDI and PFI Vehicles under Transient and Cold Start Conditions Fuel 189 131 140 2017
- Zhu , R. et al. Tailpipe Emissions from Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) and Port Fuel Injection (PFI) Vehicles at Both Low and High Ambient Temperatures Environmental Pollution 216 Supplement C 223 234 2016
- Guan , B. et al. Review of the State-of-the-Art of Exhaust Particulate Filter Technology in Internal Combustion Engines J Environ Manage 154 225 258 2015
- Merkel , G. , Beall , D. , Hickman , D. , and Vernacotola , M. Effects of Microstructure and Cell Geometry on Performance of Cordierite Diesel Particulate Filters SAE Technical Paper 2001-01-0193 2001 10.4271/2001-01-0193
- Ogyu , K. , Oya , T. , Kasuga , T. , and Ohno , K. Study on Filter Substrate Structure for Lower Backpressure and Higher Regeneration Performance SAE Technical Paper 2006-01-1526 2006 10.4271/2006-01-1526
- Mokhri , M.A. et al. Soot Filtration Recent Simulation Analysis in Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) Procedia Engineering 41 1750 1755 2012
- Petasch , J.A.U. Effect of Membranes in Exhaust Particulate Filtration 40th International Conference & Expo on Advanced Ceramics & Composites (ICACC 2016) 2013
- Konstandopoulos , A.G. and Johnson , J.H. Wall-Flow Diesel Particulate Filters-Their Pressure Drop and Collection Efficiency SAE Technical Paper 890405 1989 10.4271/890405
- Ohara , E. , Mizuno , Y. , Miyairi , Y. , Mizutani , T. et al. Filtration Behavior of Diesel Particulate Filters (1) SAE Technical Paper 2007-01-0921 2007 10.4271/2007-01-0921
- White , J. Size-Dependent Filtration of Non-LOADED Particulate Traps Mechanical Engineering 2014
- Sheppard , J. , Yang , and Strzelec , A. Modeling and Experimentation of GDI-Sized Particulate Filtration and Pressure-Drop Behavior in Uncoated Commercial DPF Substrates SAE Technical Paper 2019-01-0052 2019 10.4271/2019-01-0052
- Parks , J. , Storey , J. , Prikhodko , V. , and Debusk , M. Filter-Based Control of Particulate Matter from a Lean Gasoline Direct Injection Engine SAE Technical Paper 2016-01-0937 2016 10.4271/2016-01-0937
- Maricq , M.M. , Szente , J.J. , and Jahr , K. The Impact of Ethanol Fuel Blends on PM Emissions from a Light-Duty GDI Vehicle Aerosol Science and Technology 46 5 576 583 2012
- Dalla Nora , M. , Lanzanova , T.D.M. , and Zhao , H. Effects of Valve Timing, Valve Lift and Exhaust Backpressure on Performance and Gas Exchanging of a Two-Stroke GDI Engine with Overhead Valves Energy Conversion and Management 123 71 83 2016
- Watling , T. , Ravenscroft , M. , Cleeton , J. , Rees , I. et al. Development of a Particulate Filter Model for the Prediction of Backpressure: Improved Momentum Balance and Entrance and Exit Effect Equations SAE Int. J. Engines 10 4 1765 1794 2017 10.4271/2017-01-0974
- Hashimoto , S. , Miyairi , Y. , Hamanaka , T. , Matsubara , R. et al. SiC and Cordierite Diesel Particulate Filters Designed for Low Pressure Drop and Catalyzed, Uncatalyzed Systems SAE Technical Paper 2002-01-0322 2002 10.4271/2002-01-0322
- Song , J. , Alam , M. , Zello , V. , Boehman , A.L. et al. Fuel Sulfur Effect on Membrane Coated Diesel Particulate Filter SAE Technical Paper 2002-01-2788 2002 10.4271/2002-01-2788
- Mizuno , Y. , Miyairi , Y. , Katsube , F. , Ohara , E. et al. Study on Wall Pore Structure for Next Generation Diesel Particulate Filter SAE Technical Paper 2008-01-0618 2008 10.4271/2008-01-0618
- Ogyu , K. , Kudo , A. , Oshimi , Y. , Sato , H. et al. Characterization of Thin Wall SiC-DPF SAE Technical Paper 2003-01-0377 2003 10.4271/2003-01-0377
- Custer , N. , Kamp , C. , Sappok , A. , Pakko , J. et al. Lubricant-Derived Ash Impact on Gasoline Particulate Filter Performance SAE Int. J. Engines 9 3 1604 1614 2016 10.4271/2016-01-0942
- Wang , Y. and Kamp , C. The Effects of Mid-Channel Ash Plug on DPF Pressure Drop SAE Technical Paper 2016-01-0966 2016 10.4271/2016-01-0966
- Sappok , A. and Wong , V. Ash Effects on Diesel Particulate Filter Pressure Drop Sensitivity to Soot and Implications for Regeneration Frequency and DPF Control SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 3 1 380 396 2010 10.4271/2010-01-0811
- Lambert , C. , Chanko , T. , Jagner , M. , Hangas , J. et al. Analysis of Ash in Low Mileage, Rapid Aged, and High Mileage Gasoline Exhaust Particle Filters SAE Int. J. Engines 10 4 1595 1603 2017 10.4271/2017-01-0930
- Panu Karjalainen , L.P. , Heikkila , J. , Lahde , T. , Tzamkiozis , T. et al. Exhaust Particles of Modern Gasoline Vehicles: A Laboratory and an On-Road Study Atmospheric Environment 97 262 270 2014
- Viswanathan , S. et al. Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Inlet Particle Properties on the Capture Efficiency in an Exhaust Particulate Filter Journal of Aerosol Science 113 250 264 2017