This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
Particle Emission Measurements in a SI CNG Engine Using Oils with Controlled Ash Content
Technical Paper
2019-01-0053
ISSN: 0148-7191, e-ISSN: 2688-3627
This content contains downloadable datasets
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
Clean combustion is one of the inherent benefits of using a high methane content fuel, natural gas or biogas. A single carbon atom in the fuel molecule results, to a large extent, in particle-free combustion. This is due to the high energy required for binding multiple carbon atoms together during the combustion process, required to form soot particles. When scaling up this process and applying it in the internal combustion engine, the resulting emissions from the engine have not been observed to be as particle free as the theory on methane combustion indicates. These particles stem from the combustion of engine oil and its ash content. One common practice has been to lower the ash content to regulate the particulate emissions, as was done for diesel engines. For a gas engine, this approach has been difficult to apply, as the piston and valvetrain lubrication becomes insufficient.
However, the low particle emissions from the combustion of CNG does allow for an investigation of particle contribution from engine oil ash content with only a minor particle contribution from the fuel itself.
The hypothesis for this study is that there is a relationship between the engine oil ash content and the particulate emissions from a CNG engine. The investigation was conducted for several operating points with varying engine speeds and load on a single cylinder engine. The single cylinder approach was chosen to reduce sources of engine oil intrusion in the combustion chamber. The obtained results were not in line with the hypothesis, the particle emissions from the lower ash content oil did not decrease in number but the size of the particles did. The results also showed a spiking behavior in the particulate emissions, originating from the lubrication oil consumption past the piston rings. Mass flow through the engine proved to affect the particle size distribution as well as the total number of particles for all levels of oil ash content.
Recommended Content
Authors
Topic
Citation
Adlercreutz, L., Cronhjort, A., and Stenlaas, O., "Particle Emission Measurements in a SI CNG Engine Using Oils with Controlled Ash Content," SAE Technical Paper 2019-01-0053, 2019, https://doi.org/10.4271/2019-01-0053.Data Sets - Support Documents
Title | Description | Download |
---|---|---|
Unnamed Dataset 1 | ||
Unnamed Dataset 2 | ||
Unnamed Dataset 3 |
Also In
References
- Heywood , J.B. Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals Massachusetts McGraw-Hill 1988 0-07-100499-8
- Cartellieri , W. , Chmela , F. , Kapus , P. , and Tatschl , R. Mechanisms Leading to Stable and Efficient Combustion in Lean Burn Gas Engines JSME COMODIA 94 Yokohama, Japan 1994
- Thiruvengadam , A. , Besch , M. , Yoon , S. , Collins , J. et al. Characterization of Particulate Matter Emissions from a Current Technology Natural Gas Engine Environmental Science & Technology 48 8235 8242 2014 10.1021/es5005973
- Alanen , J. , Saukko , E. , Lehtoranta , K. , Murtonen , T. et al. The Formation and Physical Properties of the Particle Emissions from a Natural Gas Engine Fuel 162 155 161 2015 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2015.09.003
- Kittelson , D. and Kraft , M. Particle Formation and Models in Internal Combustion Engines 2014 https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118354179.auto161
- Dieselnet 2018 https://www.dieselnet.com/tech/dpm_size.php
- Graskow , B. , Kittelson , D. , Abdul-Khalek , I. , Ahmadi , M. et al. Characterization of Exhaust Particulate Emissions from a Spark Ignition Engine SAE Technical Paper 980528 1998 10.4271/980528
- Ristovski , Z. , Morawska , L. , Hitchins , J. , Thomas , S. et al. Particle Emissions from Compressed Natural Gas Engines Aerosol Sci 3 4 403 413 2000 10.1016/S0021-8502(99)00530-3
- Ferin , J. , Oberdorster , G. , and Penney , D. Pulmonary Retention of Ultrafine and Fine Particles in Rats American Journal of Respiratory Cell Molecular Biology 6 535 542 1992 10.1165/ajrcmb/6.5.535
- Seaton , A. , MacNee , W. , Donaldson , K. , and Godden , D. Particulate Air Pollution and Acute Health Effects Lancet 345 176 178 1995
- Donaldson , K. , Beswick , P. , and Gilmour , P. Free Radical Activity Associated with the Surface of Particles: A Unifying Factor in Determining Biological Activity? Toxicology Letters 88 293 298 1996 10.1016/0378-4274(96)03752-6
- Kittelson , D. Engines and Nanoparticles: A Review Journal of Aerosol Science 29 5/6 575 588 1998 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-8502(97)10037-4
- McGeehan , J. , Van Dam , W. , Narasaki , K. , Boffa , A. et al. Extending the Boundaries of Diesel Particulate Filter Maintenance With Ultra-Low Ash - Zero-Phosphorus Oil SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 5 3 1240 1263 2012 10.4271/2012-01-1709
- McGeehan , J.A. , Van Dam , W. , Nelson , K. , Boffa , A. et al. Minimizing Diesel Particulate Filter Incombustibles by Using Ultra Low SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 7 3 890 900 2014 10.4271/2014-01-2798
- Pi-qiang , T. , Yuan , L. , and Hai-yan , S. Exhaust Particle Properties from a Light Duty Diesel Engine Using Different Ash Content Lubricating Oil Journal of the Energy Institute 91 2016 10.1016/j.joei.2016.11.001
- Abdul-Khalek , I. and Kittelson , D. Real Time Measurement of Volatile and Solid Exhaust Particles Using a Catalytic Stripper SAE Technical Paper 950236 1995 10.4271/950236
- CONCAWE Automotive Particulate Emissions 2001 https://www.concawe.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/cr102-pmemissions-2003-01891-01-e.pdf
- Tornehed , P. 2010 978-91-7415-759-8
- Yilmaz , E. , Tian , T. , Wong , V. , and Heywood , J. The Contribution of Different Oil Consumption Sources to Total Oil Consumption in a Spark Ignition Engine SAE Technical Paper 2004-01-2909 2004 10.4271/2004-01-2909
- Herbst , H. and Priebsch , H. Simulation of Piston Ring Dynamics and Their Effect on Oil Consumption SAE Technical Paper 2000-01-0919 2000 10.4271/2000-01-0919
- SAE Piston and Ring Standards Committee 2007
- Forsberg , P. , Elo , R. , and Jacobsen , S. The Importance of Oil and Particle Flow for Exhaust Valve Wear - An Experimental Study Tirbology International 69 176 183 2014 10.1016/j.triboint.2013.09.009
- Sato , K. , Midorikawa , T. , Takahashi , T. , and Oshige , H. Development of Valve Seat Material for Gas-Fueled Engines SAE Technical Paper 2000-01-0911 2000 10.4271/2000-01-0911
- D’Anna , A. Combustion-Formed Nanoparticles Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 32 593 613 2009 10.1016/j.proci.2008.09.005
- Minutolo , P. , Sgro , L. , Costagliola , M.A. , Prati , M.V. et al. Ultrafine Particle Emission from Combustion Devices Durning Natural Gas Chemical Engineering Transactions 22 239 244 2010 10.3303/CET1022039
- Willner , K. and Danielsson , D. 2014
- Dekati Dekati ELPI Electrical Low Pressure Impactor 2017 http://www.exisab.com/Docs/Brochures/ELPIBrochure2010.pdf
- AVL AVL APC 489 Technical Details 2017 https://www.avl.com/documents/10138//885965//AVL+Particle+Counter.pdf
- AVL AVL MSS 483 Technical Details 2017 https://www.avl.com/-/mssplus-avl-micro-soot-sensor
- Collings , N. and Graskow , B.R. Particles from Internal Combustion Engines - What We Need to Know Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A 358 2611 2623 2000 10.1142/9781848161221_0004
- Tian , T. Dynamic Behaviours of Piston Rings and Their Practical Impact. Part 1: Ring Flutter and Ring Collapse and Their Effects on Gas Flow and Oil Transport Proc Instn Mech Engrs Part J: J Engineering Tribology 216 2002 10.1243/135065002760199961
- Thirouard , B. and Tian , T. Oil Transport in the Piston Ring Pack (Part I): Identification and Characterization of the Main Oil Transport Routes and Mechanisms SAE Technical Paper 2003-01-1952 2003 10.4271/2003-01-1952
- Thirouard , B. and Tian , T. Oil Transport in the Piston Ring Pack (Part II): Zone Analysis and Macro Oil Transport Model SAE Technical Paper 2003-01-1953 2003 10.4271/2003-01-1953