Try Mobilus Beta
Search tips
 This content is not included in your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.

In-Flame Soot Sampling and Morphology Analysis in an Optical Spark-Ignition Direct-Injection (SIDI) Engine

Journal Article
2018-01-1418
ISSN: 1946-3936, e-ISSN: 1946-3944
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4271/2018-01-1418
Published April 03, 2018 by SAE International in United States
In-Flame Soot Sampling and Morphology Analysis in an Optical Spark-Ignition Direct-Injection (SIDI) Engine
Sector:
Citation: Kim, D., Zhang, Y., Clark, L., Kook, S. et al., "In-Flame Soot Sampling and Morphology Analysis in an Optical Spark-Ignition Direct-Injection (SIDI) Engine," SAE Int. J. Engines 11(6):1007-1022, 2018, https://doi.org/10.4271/2018-01-1418.
Language: English

References

  1. Lineman , M. , Do , Y. , Kim , J.Y. , and Joo , G.-J. Talking about Climate Change and Global Warming PLOS ONE 10 9 e0138996 2015 10.1371/journal.pone.0138996
  2. Kakouei , A. , Vatani , A. , and Bin , I.A.K. An Estimation of Traffic Related CO 2 Emissions from Motor Vehicles in the Capital City of, Iran Iranian Journal of Environmental Health Science & Engineering 9 1 13 2012 10.1186/1735-2746-9-13
  3. United Sates Environmental Protection Agency Light-Duty Automotive Technology, Carbon Dioxide Emissions, and Fuel Economy Trends: 1975 through 2016 2016 10.1088/1751-8113/44/8/085201
  4. Zhao , F. , Lai , M.-C. , and Harrington , D. Automotive Spark-Ignited Direct-Injection Gasoline Engines Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 25 5 437 562 1999 10.1016/S0360-1285(99)00004-0
  5. Drake , M.C. and Haworth , D.C. Advanced Gasoline Engine Development Using Optical Diagnostics and Numerical Modeling Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 31 1 99 124 2007 10.1016/j.proci.2006.08.120
  6. Iwamoto , Y. , Noma , K. , Nakayama , O. , Yamauchi , T. et al. Development of Gasoline Direct Injection Engine SAE Technical Paper 970541 1997 10.4271/970541
  7. Najjar , Y.S.H. Comparison of Performance of a Greener Direct-Injection Stratified-Charge (DISC) Engine with a Spark-Ignition Engine Using a Simplified Model Energy 36 7 4136 4143 2011 10.1016/j.energy.2011.04.031
  8. Sementa , P. , Maria Vaglieco , B. , and Catapano , F. Thermodynamic and Optical Characterizations of a High Performance GDI Engine Operating in Homogeneous and Stratified Charge Mixture Conditions Fueled with Gasoline and Bio-Ethanol Fuel 96 204 219 2012 10.1016/j.fuel.2011.12.068
  9. Chincholkar , S.P. and Suryawanshi , J.G. Gasoline Direct Injection: An Efficient Technology Energy Procedia 90 666 672 2015 10.1016/j.egypro.2016.11.235
  10. Liang , B. , Ge , Y. , Tan , J. , Han , X. et al. Comparison of PM Emissions from a Gasoline Direct Injected (GDI) Vehicle and a Port Fuel Injected (PFI) Vehicle Measured by Electrical Low Pressure Impactor (ELPI) with Two Fuels: Gasoline and M15 Methanol Gasoline Journal of Aerosol Science 57 22 31 2013 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2012.11.008
  11. Saliba , G. , Saleh , R. , Zhao , Y. , Presto , A.A. et al. Comparison of Gasoline Direct-Injection (GDI) and Port Fuel Injection (PFI) Vehicle Emissions: Emission Certification Standards, Cold-Start, Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation Potential, and Potential Climate Impacts Environmental Science & Technology 51 11 6542 6552 2017 10.1021/acs.est.6b06509
  12. Pöschl , U. Atmospheric Aerosols: Composition, Transformation, Climate and Health Effects Angewandte Chemie International Edition 44 46 7520 7240 2005 10.1002/anie.200501122
  13. Oberdörster , G. Pulmonary Effects of Inhaled Ultrafine Particles International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 74 1 1 8 2000 10.1007/s004200000185
  14. Kang , M. , Lim , C.-H. , and Han , J.-H. Comparison of Toxicity and Deposition of Nano-Sized Carbon Black Aerosol Prepared with or without Dispersing Sonication Toxicological Research 29 2 121 127 2013 10.5487/TR.2013.29.2.121
  15. European Commission 2008
  16. Chan , T.W. , Meloche , E. , Kubsh , J. , Rosenblatt , D. et al. Evaluation of a Gasoline Particulate Filter to Reduce Particle Emissions from a Gasoline Direct Injection Vehicle SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr . 5 3 1277 1290 2012 10.4271/2012-01-1727
  17. He , X. , Ratcliff , M.A. , and Zigler , B.T. Effects of Gasoline Direct Injection Engine Operating Parameters on Particle Number Emissions Energy & Fuels 26 4 2014 2027 2012 10.1021/ef201917p
  18. Überall , A. , Otte , R. , Eilts , P. , and Krahl , J. A Literature Research about Particle Emissions from Engines with Direct Gasoline Injection and the Potential to Reduce these Emissions Fuel 147 203 207 2015 10.1016/j.fuel.2015.01.012
  19. Choi , K. , Kim , J. , Ko , A. , Myung , C. et al. Evaluation of Time-Resolved Nano-Particle and THC Emissions of Wall-Guided GDI Engine SAE Technical Paper 2011-28-0022 2011 10.4271/2011-28-0022
  20. Wang , C. , Xu , H. , Herreros , J.M. , Wang , J. et al. Impact of Fuel and Injection System on Particle Emissions from a GDI Engine Applied Energy 132 178 191 2014 10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.06.012
  21. Hedge , M. , Weber , P. , Gingrich , J. , Alger , T. et al. Effect of EGR on Particle Emissions from a GDI Engine SAE Int. J. Engines 4 1 650 666 2011 10.4271/2011-01-0636
  22. de Francqueville , L. , Bruneaux , G. , and Thirouard , B. Soot Volume Fraction Measurements in a Gasoline Direct Injection Engine by Combined Laser Induced Incandescence and Laser Extinction Method SAE Int. J. Engines 3 1 163 182 2010 10.4271/2010-01-0346
  23. Stevens , E. and Steeper , R. Piston Wetting in an Optical DISI Engine: Fuel Films, Pool Fires, and Soot Generation SAE Technical Paper 2001-01-12 2001 10.4271/2001-01-1203
  24. Drake , M.C. , Fansler , T.D. , Solomon , A.S. , and Szekely , G.A. Piston Fuel Films as a Source of Smoke and Hydrocarbon Emissions from a Wall-Controlled Spark-Ignited Direct-Injection Engine SAE Technical Paper 2003-01-0547 2003 10.4271/2003-01-0547
  25. Luo , Y. , Zhu , L. , Fang , J. , Zhuang , Z. et al. Size Distribution, Chemical Composition and Oxidation Reactivity of Particulate Matter from Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) Engine Fueled with Ethanol-Gasoline Fuel Applied Thermal Engineering 89 647 655 2015 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2015.06.060
  26. Graves , B.M. , Koch , C.R. , and Olfert , J.S. Morphology and Volatility of Particulate Matter Emitted from a Gasoline Direct Injection Engine Fuelled on Gasoline and Ethanol Blends Journal of Aerosol Science 105 166 178 2017 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2016.10.013
  27. Park , C. , Lee , S. , and Yi , U. Effects of Engine Operating Conditions on Particle Emissions of Lean-Burn Gasoline Direct-Injection Engine Energy 115 1148 1155 2016 10.1016/j.energy.2016.09.051
  28. Farron , C. , Matthias , N. , Foster , D.E. , Andrie , M. et al. Particulate Characteristics for Varying Engine Operation in a Gasoline Spark Ignited, Direct Injection Engine SAE Technical Paper 2011-01-1220 2011 10.4271/2011-01-1220
  29. Wang , S.C. and Flagan , R.C. Scanning Electrical Mobility Spectrometer Aerosol Science and Technology 13 2 230 240 1990 10.1080/02786829008959441
  30. Park , J. , Yoon , J. , Song , S. , and Chun , K.M. Analysis of Fractal Particles from Diesel Exhaust Using a Scanning-Mobility Particle Sizer and Laser-Induced Incandescence Journal of Aerosol Science 41 6 531 540 2010 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2010.03.003
  31. Wu , Z. , Song , C. , Lv , G. , Pan , S. et al. Morphology, Fractal Dimension, Size and Nanostructure of Exhaust Particles from a Spark-Ignition Direct-Injection Engine Operating at Different Air-Fuel Ratios Fuel 185 709 717 2016 10.1016/j.fuel.2016.08.025
  32. Gaddam , C.K. and Vander Wal , R.L. Physical and Chemical Characterization of SIDI Engine Particulates Combustion and Flame 160 11 2517 2528 2013 10.1016/j.combustflame.2013.05.025
  33. Bogarra , M. , Herreros , J.M. , Tsolakis , A. , York , A.P.E. et al. Influence of on-Board Produced Hydrogen and Three Way Catalyst on Soot Nanostructure in Gasoline Direct Injection Engines Carbon 120 326 236 2017 10.1016/j.carbon.2017.05.049
  34. Miyashita , K. , Fukuda , Y. , Shiozaki , Y. , Kondo , K. et al. TEM Analysis of Soot Particles Sampled from Gasoline Direction Injection Engine Exhaust at Different Fuel Injection Timings SAE Technical Paper 2015-01-1872 2015 10.4271/2015-01-1872
  35. Seong , H. , Lee , K. , and Choi , S. Effects of Engine Operating Parameters on Morphology of Particulates from a Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) Engine SAE Technical Paper 2013-01-2574 2013 10.4271/2013-01-2574
  36. Seong , H. , Choi , S. , and Lee , K. Examination of Nanoparticles from Gasoline Direct-Injection (GDI) Engines Using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) International Journal of Automotive Technology 15 2 175 181 2014 10.1007/s12239-014-0019-5
  37. Barone , T.L. , Storey , J.M.E. , Youngquist , A.D. , and Szybist , J.P. An Analysis of Direct-Injection Spark-Ignition (DISI) Soot Morphology Atmospheric Environment 49 268 274 2012 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.11.047
  38. Lee , K.O. , Seong , H. , Sakai , S. , Hageman , M.D. et al. Detailed Morphological Properties of Nanoparticles from Gasoline Direct Injection Engine Combustion of Ethanol Blends SAE Technical Paper 2013-24-0185 2013 10.4271/2013-24-0185
  39. Tree , D.R. and Svensson , K.I. Soot Processes in Compression Ignition Engines Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 33 3 272 309 2007 10.1016/j.pecs.2006.03.002
  40. Stanmore , B. , Brilhac , J. , and Gilot , P. The Oxidation of Soot: A Review of Experiments, Mechanisms and Models Carbon 39 15 2247 2268 2001 10.1016/S0008-6223(01)00109-9
  41. Clark , L.G. , Kook , S. , Chan , Q.N. , and Hawkes , E.R. Multiple Injection Strategy Investigation for Well-Mixed Operation in an Optical Wall-Guided Spark-Ignition Direct-Injection (WG-SIDI) Engine through Flame Shape Analysis SAE Technical Paper 2016-01-2162 2016 10.4271/2016-01-2162
  42. Chan , Q.N. , Bao , Y. , and Kook , S. Effects of Injection Pressure on the Structural Transformation of Flash-Boiling Sprays of Gasoline and Ethanol in a Spark-Ignition Direct-Injection (SIDI) Engine Fuel 130 228 240 2014 10.1016/j.fuel.2014.04.015
  43. Clark , L.G. , Kook , S. , Chan , Q.N. , and Hawkes , E.R. Influence of Injection Timing for Split-Injection Strategies on Well-Mixed High-Load Combustion Performance in an Optically Accessible Spark-Ignition Direct-Injection (SIDI) Engine SAE Technical Paper 2017-01-0657 2017 10.4271/2017-01-0657
  44. Dec , J.E. , Zur Loye , A.O. , and Siebers , D.L. Soot Distribution in a D.I. Diesel Engine Using 2-D Laser-Induced Incandescence Imaging SAE Technical Paper 910224 1991 10.4271/910224
  45. Kook , S. , Zhang , R. , Szeto , K. , Pickett , L.M. et al. In-Flame Soot Sampling and Particle Analysis in a Diesel Engine SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 6 1 80 97 2013 10.4271/2013-01-0912
  46. Zhang , Y. , Zhang , R. , and Kook , S. Nanostructure Analysis of In-Flame Soot Particles under the Influence of Jet-Jet Interactions in a Light-Duty Diesel Engine SAE Int. J. Engines 8 5 2213 2226 2015 10.4271/2015-24-2444
  47. Zhang , Y. , Zhang , R. , Rao , L. , Kim , D. et al. The Influence of a Large Methyl Ester on in-Flame Soot Particle Structures in a Small-Bore Diesel Engine Fuel 194 423 435 2017 10.1016/j.fuel.2017.01.044
  48. Zhang , Y. , Kim , D. , Rao , L. , Zhang , R. et al. The Soot Particle Formation Process inside the Piston Bowl of a Small-Bore Diesel Engine Combustion and Flame 185 278 291 2017 10.1016/j.combustflame.2017.07.028
  49. Zhang , R. and Kook , S. Structural Evolution of Soot Particles during Diesel Combustion in a Single-Cylinder Light-Duty Engine Combustion and Flame 162 6 2720 2728 2015 10.1016/j.combustflame.2015.04.008
  50. Talbot , L. , Cheng , R.K. , Schefer , R.W. , and Willis , D.R. Thermophoresis of Particles in a Heated Boundary Layer Journal of Fluid Mechanics 101 4 737 1980 10.1017/S0022112080001905
  51. Dobbins , R.A. and Megaridis , C.M. Morphology of Flame-Generated Soot as Determined by Thermophoretic Sampling Langmuir 3 2 254 259 1987 10.1021/la00074a019
  52. Stojkovic , B.D. , Fansler , T.D. , Drake , M.C. , and Sick , V. High-Speed Imaging of OH* and Soot Temperature and Concentration in a Stratified-Charge Direct-Injection Gasoline Engine Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 30 2 2657 2665 2005 10.1016/j.proci.2004.08.021
  53. Daniel , W.A. Flame Quenching at the Walls of an Internal Combustion Engine Symposium (International) on Combustion 6 1 886 894 1957 10.1016/S0082-0784(57)80125-8
  54. Kook , S. , Zhang , R. , Chan , Q.N. , Aizawa , T. et al. Automated Detection of Primary Particles from Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) Images of Soot Aggregates in Diesel Engine Environments SAE Int. J. Engines 9 1 279 296 2015 10.4271/2015-01-1991
  55. Miyashita , K. , Tsukamoto , T. , Fukuda , Y. , Kondo , K. et al. High-Speed UV and Visible Laser Shadowgraphy of GDI In-Cylinder Pool Fire SAE Technical Paper 2016-01-2165 2016 10.4271/2016-01-2165
  56. Yehliu , K. , Vander Wal , R.L. , Armas , O. , and Boehman , A.L. Impact of Fuel Formulation on the Nanostructure and Reactivity of Diesel Soot Combustion and Flame 159 12 3597 3606 2012 10.1016/j.combustflame.2012.07.004
  57. Jaramillo , I.C. , Gaddam , C.K. , Vander Wal , R.L. , and Lighty , J.A.S. Effect of Nanostructure, Oxidative Pressure and Extent of Oxidation on Model Carbon Reactivity Combustion and Flame 162 5 1848 1856 2015 10.1016/j.combustflame.2014.12.006
  58. Smooke , M.D. , Long , M.B. , Connelly , B.C. , Colket , M.B. et al. Soot Formation in Laminar Diffusion Flames Combustion and Flame 143 4 613 628 2005 10.1016/j.combustflame.2005.08.028
  59. Sabathil , D. , Koenigstein , A. , Schaffner , P. , Fritzsche , J. et al. The Influence of DISI Engine Operating Parameters on Particle Number Emissions SAE Technical Paper 2011-01-0143 2017 10.4271/2011-01-0143
  60. Kim , C.H. , Xu , F. , and Faeth , G.M. Soot Surface Growth and Oxidation at Pressures up to 8.0 Atm in Laminar Nonpremixed and Partially Premixed Flames Combustion and Flame 152 3 301 316 2008 10.1016/j.combustflame.2007.10.016
  61. Steinmetz , S.A. , Fang , T. , and Roberts , W.L. Soot Particle Size Measurements in Ethylene Diffusion Flames at Elevated Pressures Combustion and Flame 169 85 93 2016 10.1016/j.combustflame.2016.02.034
  62. Böhm , H. , Hesse , D. , Jander , H. , Lüers , B. et al. The Influence of Pressure and Temperature on Soot Formation in Premixed Flames Symposium (International) on Combustion 22 1 403 411 1989 10.1016/S0082-0784(89)80047-5
  63. Bönig , M. , Feldermann , C.R. , Jander , H. , Lüers , B. et al. Soot Formation in Premixed C2H4 Flat Flames at Elevated Pressure Symposium (International) on Combustion 23 1 1581 1587 1991 10.1016/S0082-0784(06)80429-7
  64. Liati , A. , Schreiber , D. , Dimopoulos Eggenschwiler , P. , Arroyo Rojas Dasilva , Y. et al. Electron Microscopic Characterization of Soot Particulate Matter Emitted by Modern Direct Injection Gasoline Engines Combustion and Flame 166 307 315 2016 10.1016/j.combustflame.2016.01.031
  65. Megaridis , C.M. and Dobbins , R.A. Morphological Description of Flame-Generated Materials Combustion Science and Technology 71 1-3 95 109 1990 10.1080/00102209008951626
  66. Köylü , Ü.Ö. , Faeth , G.M. , Farias , T.L. , and Carvalho , M.G. Fractal and Projected Structure Properties of Soot Aggregates Combustion and Flame 100 4 621 633 1995 10.1016/0010-2180(94)00147-K
  67. Schaefer , D.W. Fractal Models and the Structure of Materials MRS Bulletin 13 2 22 27 1988 10.1557/S088376940006632X
  68. Zhao , F. , Lai , M. , and Harrington , D. A Review of Mixture Preparation and Combustion Control Strategies for Spark- Ignited Direct-Injection Gasoline Engines SAE Technical Paper 970627 1997 10.4271/970627
  69. Ciajolo , A. , D’anna , A. , Barbella , R. , Tregrossi , A. et al. The Effect of Temperature on Soot Inception in Premixed Ethylene Flames Symposium (International) on Combustion 26 2 2327 2333 1996 10.1016/S0082-0784(96)80061-0
  70. Ito , H. , Fujita , O. , and Ito , K. Agglomeration of Soot Particles in Diffusion Flames under Microgravity Combustion and Flame 99 2 363 370 1994 10.1016/0010-2180(94)90142-2
  71. Sánchez , N.E. , Callejas , A. , Millera , A. , Bilbao , R. et al. Formation of PAH and Soot during Acetylene Pyrolysis at Different Gas Residence Times and Reaction Temperatures Energy 43 1 30 36 2012 10.1016/j.energy.2011.12.009

Cited By

Recommended Content

Technical Paper Lift-Off Lengths in an Optical Heavy-Duty Engine Operated at High Load with Low and High Octane Number Fuels
Technical Paper Computational Study of the Equivalence Ratio Distribution from a Diesel Pilot Injection with Different Piston Geometry, Injection Timing and Velocity Initialization in a HSDI Engine
Technical Paper Fuel Effects on PM Emissions from Different Vehicle/Engine Configurations: A Literature Review