This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
Octane-on-Demand as an Enabler for Highly Efficient Spark Ignition Engines and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Improvement
Technical Paper
2015-01-1264
ISSN: 0148-7191, e-ISSN: 2688-3627
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
This paper explores the potential for reducing transport-related greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by introducing high-efficiency spark-ignition engines with a dual-fuel injection system to customize the octane of the fuels based on real-time engine requirements. It is assumed that a vehicle was equipped with two fuel tanks and two injection systems; one port fuel injection and one direct injection line separately. Each tank carried low octane and high octane fuel so that real-time octane blending was occurred in the combustion chamber when needed (Octane On-Demand: OOD). A refinery naphtha was selected for low octane fuel (RON=61), because of its similarity to gasoline properties but a less processed, easier to produce without changing a refinery configuration. Three oxygenates were used for high octane knock-resistant fuels in a direct injection line: methanol, MTBE, and ETBE. Single cylinder engine tests were conducted to obtain a specific fuel consumption map and an optimum octane map in each dual fuel combination. Tank-to-wheel vehicle fuel consumption was estimated using a vehicle simulation tool under four driving cycles (FTP city and highway, WLTP, and US06), to cover a wide range of driving circumstances. For the vehicle with a naturally aspirated 4-cylinder engine, total dual fuel consumption were improved over baseline gasoline single fuel up to 4% reduction in mass with all driving cycles except for US06. More importantly, only less than 15% oxygenate was required for those three cycles. As a result, blending RON was only in the range of 66∼73, significantly below current gasoline octane levels in the market. A Well-to-Wheels (W-t-W) GHG emissions assessment was conducted to estimate the overall emissions benefits of the dual fuel system. W-t-W carbon intensity was reduced up to 18% relative to the single gasoline fuel system when crude naphtha is used as a low octane fuel. However, if a pathway for naphtha and oxygenate are chosen different than petroleum source, for example, natural gas feed Fischer-Tropsch naphtha and coal base methanol, GHG emissions are worse than baseline case. When the dual fuel system was combined with downsized boosted engine technology, synergic benefit was obtained maximum 30% W-t-W CO2eq reduction (15% from downsizing, 10% from mitigating knock via a high octane component and 5% from minimizing octane upgrade process in the refinery). Therefore, a suggested OOD system can be a potential mobility solution for a future fuel and engine system. It not only provides a desirable high octane quality fuel for a high boost and high compression ratio engine, but also mitigates a revolutionary change in the refinery with a low octane naphtha fuel.
Recommended Content
Authors
Topic
Citation
Chang, J., Viollet, Y., Alzubail, A., Abdul-Manan, A. et al., "Octane-on-Demand as an Enabler for Highly Efficient Spark Ignition Engines and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Improvement," SAE Technical Paper 2015-01-1264, 2015, https://doi.org/10.4271/2015-01-1264.Also In
References
- Anderson J. , DiCicco D. , Ginder J. , Kramer U. , Leone T. , Raney-Pablo H. and Wallington T. High Octane Number Ethanol-Gasoline Blends: Quantifying the Potential Benefits in the United States Fuel 97 585 594 2012
- WWFC World Wide Fuels Charter. Fifth Edition. September 2013 World Wide Fuels Charter 2013
- Chow , E. , Heywood , J. , and Speth , R. Benefits of a Higher Octane Standard Gasoline for the U.S. Light-Duty Vehicle Fleet SAE Technical Paper 2014-01-1961 2014 10.4271/2014-01-1961
- Partridge , R. , Weissman , W. , Ueda , T. , Iwashita , Y. et al. Onboard Gasoline Separation for Improved Vehicle Efficiency SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 7 2 366 378 2014 10.4271/2014-01-1200
- Ikoma , T. , Abe , S. , Sonoda , Y. , Suzuki , H. et al. Development of V-6 3.5-liter Engine Adopting New Direct Injection System SAE Technical Paper 2006-01-1259 2006 10.4271/2006-01-1259
- Liu H. , Wang Z. , Wang J. Methanol-gasoline DFSI (Dual-Fuel Spark Ignition) Combustion with Dual-Injection for Engine Knock Suppression Energy 73 2014 686 693
- Ogawa H. , Miyamoto N. , Kaneko N. , Ando H. Combustion Control and Operating Range Expansion in an Homogenous Charge Compression Ignition Engine with Direct In-Cylinder Injection of Reaction Inhibitors International Journal of Engine Research 2005 6 341
- Windsor H. One Car - Two Gas Tanks Popular Mechanics 116 July 1948
- Daniel , R. , Wang , C. , Xu , H. , Tian , G. et al. Dual-Injection as a Knock Mitigation Strategy Using Pure Ethanol and Methanol SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 5 2 772 784 2012 10.4271/2012-01-1152
- JEC Well-to-Wheels Analysis of Future Automotive Fuels and Powertrains in the European Context - Version 4 European Union Luxembourg 2013
- Andress D. , Nguyen T. D. and Das S. Reducing GHG emissions in the United States's transportation sector Energy for Sustainable Development 15 117 136 2011
- Elgowainy A. , Rousseau A. , Wang M. , Ruth M. , Andress D. , Ward J. , Joseck F. , Nguyen T. and Das S. Cost of ownership and well-to-wheels carbon emissions/oil use of alternative fuels and advanced light-duty vehicle technologies Energy for Sustainable Development 17 626 641 2013
- ADvanced VehIcle SimulatOR (ADVISOR) Vehicle Simulation Model that is developed by National Renewable Energy Lab in USA http://sourceforge.net/projects/adv-vehicle-sim/files/ADVISOR/
- The Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy Usein Transportation Model (GREET) by Argonne National Lab in USA https://greet.es.anl.gov/
- Chang , J. , Viollet , Y. , Amer , A. , and Kalghatgi , G. Fuel Economy Potential of Partially Premixed Compression Ignition (PPCI) Combustion with Naphtha Fuel SAE Technical Paper 2013-01-2701 2013 10.4271/2013-01-2701
- Yang C. and Jackson R. China's Growing Methanol Economy And Its Implications For Energy And The Environment Energy Policy 41 2012 878 994
- Viollet , Y. , Abdullah , M. , alhajhouje , A. , and Chang , J. Characterization of High Efficiency Octane-On-Demand Fuels Requirement in a Modern Spark Ignition Engine with Dual Injection System SAE Technical Paper 2015-01-1265 2015 10.4271/2015-01-1265
- Foong , T. , Morganti , K. , Brear , M. , da Silva , G. et al. The Effect of Charge Cooling on the RON of Ethanol/Gasoline Blends SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 6 1 34 43 2013 10.4271/2013-01-0886
- Anderson , J. , Leone , T. , Shelby , M. , Wallington , T. et al. Octane Numbers of Ethanol-Gasoline Blends: Measurements and Novel Estimation Method from Molar Composition SAE Technical Paper 2012-01-1274 2012 10.4271/2012-01-1274
- de Menezes E. W. , and Cataluña R. Optimization of the ETBE(ethyl tert-butyl ether) Production Process Fuel Processing Technology 89 11 1148 1152
- Well-to-Tank Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Transportation Fuels - North American Analysis Argonne National Lab 3 June 2011 http://www.transportation.anl.gov/pdfs/TA/165.pdf
- Blumberg K. O. , Walsh M. P. , Pera C. Low-Sulfur Gasoline &Diesel: The Key to Lower Vehicle Emissions May 2003 International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT)
- Kalghatgi G. T. , Bradley D. Pre-ignition and Super-knock in Turbocharged Spark Ignition Engine 2012 International Journal of Engine Research 13 4 399 414
- Hamilton , L. , Rostedt , M. , Caton , P. , and Cowart , J. Pre-Ignition Characteristics of Ethanol and E85 in a Spark Ignition Engine SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 1 1 145 154 2009 10.4271/2008-01-0321
- Bromberg L. , Cohn D.R. Heavy Duty Vehicles Using Clean, High Efficiency Alcohol Engines Plasma Science and Fusion Center (PSFC) report - MITPSFC/JA-10-43
- Blumberg , P. , Bromberg , L. , Kang , H. , and Tai , C. Simulation of High Efficiency Heavy Duty SI Engines UsingDirect Injection of Alcohol for Knock Avoidance SAE Int. J. Engines 1 1 1186 1195 2009 10.4271/2008-01-2447
- Turner J.W.G. , Pearson R.J. , Dekker E. , Iosefa B. , Dolan G. A. , Johansson K. , and ac Bergstorm K. Evolution of Alcohol Fuel Blends Towards A Sustainable Transport Energy Economy 2012 MIT Energy Initiative Symposium- ‘Prospects for Bi-Fuel and Flex-Fuel Light Duty Vehicles’
- Kuzuoka , K. , Kurotani , T. , Chishima , H. , and Kudo , H. Study of High-Compression-Ratio Engine Combined with an Ethanol-Gasoline Fuel Separation System SAE Int. J. Engines 7 4 1773 1780 2014 10.4271/2014-01-2614