This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
Characterization of High Efficiency Octane-On-Demand Fuels Requirement in a Modern Spark Ignition Engine with Dual Injection System
Technical Paper
2015-01-1265
ISSN: 0148-7191, e-ISSN: 2688-3627
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
In a regulatory environment for spark ignition (SI) engines where the focus is continuously looking into improvements in fuel economy and reduction in noxious emissions, the challenges to achieve future requirements are utmost. To effectively reduce CO2 emissions on a well-to-wheel basis, future fuels enabling high efficiency SI engines will have to not only satisfy advanced engine requirements, i.e. high knock resistance, but also produce less CO2 emissions in the refinery. This paper describes how to characterize SI combustion's on-demand octane requirement with three different dual fuel configurations. Refinery naphtha was used for low octane component, and three oxygenates were used for high octane knock inhibiting component, such as, Methanol and Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and Ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE). Each low and high octane fuel was introduced via production gasoline direct injector (DI) and port fuel injector (PFI) in both configurations. It was found that benefits of the high RON component was amplified when it was introduced through DI while the low RON naphtha was injected in PFI. Methanol had been shown to be most effective through DI due to its high heat of evaporation and charge cooling. Consequently, the minimum methanol requirement to maintain MBT is less than MTBE or ETBE by volume. An optimum oxygenate map was found within a range of 1500 to 3500 rpm in speed and 1bar to 13bar Brake Mean Effective Pressure (BMEP) in load range conditions. As a result, the engine could operate solely with low octane naphtha, up to loads of 4-bar BMEP. At a high load condition, such as 1500 rpm, 13bar BMEP, minimum requirement of methanol was 43% of total dual fuel, while MTBE requirement was 74%. This was because methanol's charge cooling in the chamber had a dominant effect on knock suppression, although a RON of MTBE was higher than methanol. On the contrary, the total fuel consumption with naphtha-methanol was higher than one with naphtha-MTBE. This was due to the fact that methanol's lower energy value required more naphtha as the primary fuel source, while MTBE could contribute 1.5 times higher energy than methanol.
Three fuels with both high and low octane properties could provide the optimum octane on an as-required basis. This can enable engine manufacturers to further downsize engines by means of an additional parameter to dynamically control the knock boundary.
Recommended Content
Authors
Citation
Viollet, Y., Abdullah, M., Alhajhouje, A., and Chang, J., "Characterization of High Efficiency Octane-On-Demand Fuels Requirement in a Modern Spark Ignition Engine with Dual Injection System," SAE Technical Paper 2015-01-1265, 2015, https://doi.org/10.4271/2015-01-1265.Also In
References
- Hamada M. Dual Injectors to Boost Fuel Economy: The Future of Small Engines Nikkei Automotive Technology
- Saeki , T. , Tsuchiya , T. , Iwashi , K. , Abe , S. evelopment of V6 3.5-Liter 2GR-FSE Engine Toyota Technical Review 55 222 92 97 Toyota Motor Corporation 2007 Japan
- Maricq M. Matti , Szente Joseph J. , Adams Jack , Tennison Paul , and Rumpsa Todd 2013 Influence of Mileage Accumulation on the Particle Mass and Number Emissions of Two Gasoline Direct Injection Vehicles Environmental Science & Technology 47 20 11890 11896 10.1021/es402686z
- Henry Cary Meeting Future Global Particulate Emission Standards Southwest Research Institute, CRC Workshop on Advanced Fuel and Engine Efficiency February 24-26 2014
- Keating Edward J. The Application of High Energy Ignition and Boosting/Mixing Technology to Increase Fuel Economy in Spark Ignition Gasoline Engines by Increasing EGR Dilution Capability April 2014 DOE meeting
- Windsor H. One Car - Two Gas Tanks Popular Mechanics 116 July 1948
- Bromberg L. , Cohn D.R. Heavy Duty Vehicles Using Clean, High Efficiency Alcohol Engines Plasma Science and Fusion Center report - MITPSFC/JA-10-43
- Blumberg , P. , Bromberg , L. , Kang , H. , and Tai , C. Simulation of High Efficiency Heavy Duty SI Engines Using Direct Injection of Alcohol for Knock Avoidance SAE Int. J. Engines 1 1 1186 1195 2009 10.4271/2008-01-2447
- Turner J.W.G. , Pearson R.J. , Dekker E. , Iosefa B. , Dolan G.A. , Johansson K. , and ac Bergstorm K. Evolution of alcohol fuel blends towards a sustainable transport energy economy 2012 MIT Energy Initiative Symposium- ‘Prospects for Bi-Fuel and Flex-Fuel Light Duty Vehicles’
- Liu H. , Wang Z. , Wang J. Methanol-gasoline DFSI(Dual-Fuel Spark Ignition) Combustion with Dual-Injection for Engine Knock Suppression Energy 73 2014 686 693
- Daniel , R. , Wang , C. , Xu , H. , Tian , G. et al. Dual-Injection as a Knock Mitigation Strategy Using Pure Ethanol and Methanol SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 5 2 772 784 2012 10.4271/2012-01-1152
- Hamilton , L. , Rostedt , M. , Caton , P. , and Cowart , J. Pre-Ignition Characteristics of Ethanol and E85 in a Spark Ignition Engine SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 1 1 145 154 2009 10.4271/2008-01-0321
- Foong , T. , Morganti , K. , Brear , M. , da Silva , G. et al. The Effect of Charge Cooling on the RON of Ethanol/Gasoline Blends SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 6 1 34 43 2013 10.4271/2013-01-0886
- MTBE FAQ Unites States EPA http://www.epa.gov/mtbe/faq.htm
- Partridge , R. , Weissman , W. , Ueda , T. , Iwashita , Y. et al. Onboard Gasoline Separation for Improved Vehicle Efficiency SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 7 2 366 378 2014 10.4271/2014-01-1200
- Kuzuoka , K. , Kurotani , T. , Chishima , H. , and Kudo , H. Study of High-Compression-Ratio Engine Combined with an Ethanol-Gasoline Fuel Separation System SAE Int. J. Engines 7 4 1773 1780 2014 10.4271/2014-01-2614
- Chow , E. , Heywood , J. , and Speth , R. Benefits of a Higher Octane Standard Gasoline for the U.S. Light-Duty Vehicle Fleet SAE Technical Paper 2014-01-1961 2014 10.4271/2014-01-1961
- Farrell , J. , Johnston , R. , and Androulakis , I. Molecular Structure Effects On Laminar Burning Velocities At Elevated Temperature And Pressure SAE Technical Paper 2004-01-2936 2004 10.4271/2004-01-2936
- Sileghem L. , Alekseev V.A. , Van coillie J. , VanGeem K.M. et Al. Laminar burning velocity of gasoline and the gasoline surrogate components iso-octane, n-heptane and toluene Fuel 112 October 2013 355 365
- Dunphy , M. P , Simmie , J. M International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 1991 23 553 558
- Wu X , Daniel R , Tian G , Xu H et al. Dual-injection: the flexible bi-fuel concept for spark-ignition engines fuelled with various gasoline and biofuel blends Applied Energy 2011 88 2305 14
- Chang , J. , Viollet , Y. , Alzubail , A. , Abdul-Manan , A. et al. Octane-On-Demand as an Enabler for Highly Efficient Spark Ignition Engines and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Improvement SAE Technical Paper 2015-01-1264 2015 10.4271/2015-01-1264
- Kuzuoka , K. , Kurotani , T. , Chishima , H. , and Kudo , H. Study of High-Compression-Ratio Engine Combined with an Ethanol-Gasoline Fuel Separation System SAE Int. J. Engines 7 4 1773 1780 2014 10.4271/2014-01-2614
- Andersson Per Air Charge Estimation in Turbocharged Spark Ignition Engines Linköping Studies in Science and Technology. Thesis No. 989,2005 91-85457-77-9
- Heywood John B. Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals 722 1988 0-07-100499-8