The Influence of Spatial and Aspatial Factors on the Safety Driving Behavior of Motorcycle Couriers in the Gig-Economy Era: A Case Study of East Jakarta, Indonesia

This study aims to analyze the impact of spatial and aspatial factors on the safety driving behavior of motorcycle couriers in East Jakarta within the context of the gig economy. Both factors are integrated to clarify how spatial conditions and individual characteristics jointly shape couriers’ safety driving behavior. The Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) method was employed to examine the relationship between spatial and aspatial factors on safety driving behavior. Data were collected through questionnaires from 253 motorcycle couriers operating in three subdistricts in East Jakarta, namely Cakung, Pasar Rebo, and Pulo Gadung. The results show that safety driving behavior is significantly influenced by aspatial factors, particularly socioeconomic characteristics and personality traits. In contrast, spatial factors such as road conditions and daily activity patterns do not directly influence safety driving behavior, but exert indirect effects through the couriers’ personality traits.