Evaluation of Thermal Performance of the MGU-K for 2026 F1 Power Unit Regulations

The 2026 Formula One (F1) power unit (PU) regulations introduce significant changes, particularly in the Motor Generator Unit-Kinetic (MGU-K), allowing for increased energy recovery under braking and greater energy deployment per lap. These changes are expected to lead to higher heat generation within the electric motor during the energy recovery and deployment phases. This paper presents a methodology for assessing the thermal performance of the MGU-K under the 2026 regulations, with a comparative analysis against the 2024 powertrain configuration. A hybrid F1 powertrain model, coupled with rule-based control logic, was developed in GT-Drive, adhering to both FIA 2024 and 2026 regulations. Validation of the powertrain model was performed using 2023 Q3 data. The heat loss data derived from the simulations were integrated into a hybrid thermal model, combining lumped parameter networks with finite element thermal analysis, to predict temperature increases. Based on these findings, the paper proposes cooling system specifications designed to meet the thermal demands of the 2026 regulations, per IEC 60034-1 insulation classifications.