Methanol emerges as a compelling renewable fuel for decarbonizing engine applications due to a mature industry with high production capacity, existing distribution infrastructure, low carbon intensity and favorable cost. Methanol’s high flame speed and high autoignition resistance render it particularly well-suited for spark-ignition (SI) engines. Previous research showed a distinct phenomenon, known deflagration-based knock in methanol combustion, whereby knocking combustion was observed albeit without end-gas autoignition.
This work studies the implications of deflagration-based knock on noise emissions by investigating the knock intensity and combustion noise at knock-limited operation of methanol in a single-cylinder direct-injection SI engine operated at both stoichiometric and lean (λ = 2.0) conditions. Results are compared against observations from a premium-grade gasoline. Experiments show that methanol’s end-gas autoignition occurs at lean conditions, leading to the typical autoignition-based knock as that occurring with premium-grade gasoline. However, at stoichiometric conditions, knock-limited operation is achieved with deflagration-based knock. Noise of deflagration-based knock has lower variability than that of autoignition-based knock and it does not seem to be an issue at the engine speed tested experimentally in this paper (1400 rpm). However, computational fluid dynamic large eddy simulations show that deflagration-based knock may lead to high noise levels at 2000 rpm. Deflagration-based knock is insensitive to changing spark timings, so new knock mitigation strategies are required, such as adjusting the spark energy and/or adding dilution. Finally, this study shows that deflagration-based-knock may be directly impacted by the flame speed, occurring more frequently with faster-burning fuels or under conditions that elevate flame speeds, like rich-stoichiometric operation. The finding bears implications on renewable e-fuels, such as ethanol, methanol and hydrogen.