Standard reference fluids, or test fluids, have long been used to evaluate the effects of hydrocarbon fuels on various materials, such as integral fuel tank sealants. Standard fluids are required because hydrocarbon fuels, such as JP-4, vary widely in composition depending on crude source, refining techniques, and other factors. To ensure reliable and reproducible results when determining the fuel resistance of materials, reference fluids of known composition, using worst case fuel compositions, are used. The current Jet Reference Fluid (JRF) called out in military sealant specifications was developed in the mid-1950s specifically as a JP-4 type test fluid formulation to be used for the accelerated laboratory testing of integral fuel tank sealants.
In August 1978, chalking of the polysulfide sealant in integral fuel tanks of some new aircraft at Edwards Air Force Base in California was discovered after only 1 year of service. Although chalking of polysulfide sealants had been observed occasionally in the past, the rate of chalking was unprecedented. The results of an investigation showed that the rapid chalking of the polysulfide sealant was caused by a chemical reaction involving metal ions (copper, cadmium, lead, and iron) and mercaptan sulfur in the fuel. It was also noted that qualification testing of the sealant used had not predicted the chalking that occurred in service. Further investigation disclosed that the sealant had passed the chalking test in the military specification because the JRF used in the specifications chalking test did not contain trace metal ions as did the fuel removed from the tanks of the affected aircraft. The special Air Force investigating team included in its final report a recommendation that the JRF specification be reviewed and revised.
The above chalking incident coupled with concerns resulting from deficiencies observed with the current JRF, and from changing sources of JP-4 indicated that an update of the JRF formulation in the sealant specifications was needed. A proposal was made to the SAE Aerospace Sealing Committee (G-9) which then formed a subcommittee for the development of a new Jet Reference Fluid (JRF) for evaluation of integral fuel tank sealants with Mr. W. F. Anspach as its chairman. The subcommittee members were:
AMS Committee G9, Aerospace Sealing, is primarily responsible for the preparation, revision, and review of documents related to the sealing of aerospace vehicles for fluid containment and environmental protection by the use of sealants which are applied and cured to solid materials or are permanently mastic. Common sealant application examples include the sealing of integral fuel tanks, fuel bladder cavities, crew and passenger areas, access doors, fasteners, avionics compartments, windshields, and firewalls. The committee shall discuss sealing material and process developments, material property requirements, test methods, the effect of the environment on cured and uncured sealant materials and their containers, and emerging sealant industry challenges. The committee has dedicated subcommittees to address elastomeric aircraft fuel bladders, new sealant specification requirements, surface preparation for sealing, and sealant application and removal technologies.
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JET REFERENCE FLUID STUDY FOR FUEL TANK SEALANTS
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JET REFERENCE FLUID STUDY FOR FUEL TANK SEALANTS
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