This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
Development of Injury Criteria for Human Surrogates to Address Current Trends in Knee-to-Instrument Panel Injuries
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Event:
Stapp Car Crash Conference
Language:
English
Abstract
Injuries to the lower extremities are common during car accidents because the lower extremity is typically the first point of contact between the occupant and the car interior. While injuries to the knee, ankle and hip are usually not life threatening, they can represent a large societal burden through treatment costs, lost work days and a reduced quality of life. The aim of the current study was to specifically study injuries associated with the knee and to propose a methodology which could be used to prevent future knee injuries. To understand the scope of this problem, a study was designed to identify injury trends in car crashes for the years 1979-1995. The NASS (National Accident Sampling System) showed that 10% of all injuries were to the knee, second only to head and neck injuries. Most knee injuries resulted from knee-to-instrument panel contact. Subfracture injuries were most common (contusions, abrasions, lacerations) followed by gross fracture injuries. Our recent studies on the human cadaver knee show that increasing the contact area for a given contact force over the knee significantly reduces acute injury in fracture and subfracture experiments. Unfortunately, the cadaver force-area data cannot be directly applied to the Hybrid III dummy, which currently serves as a human surrogate in car crash simulations. Thus, another aim of this study was to develop a transformation of the cadaver contact force-area relationship to the dummy. Numerous experiments were conducted on the dummy to establish a comparison with companion experiments conducted on cadavers. Data points representing a 50% risk of gross fracture were calculated for the cadaver and transformed into the dummy response to yield data directly relevant to sled testing with dummies. Several sled tests were run, using an idealized instrument panel, to show the utility of the data in predicting joint injury for depowered air bags and a variety of restraint scenarios. Mathematical models were developed to demonstrate a theoretical scenario in which load and area could be estimated without the need for physical sled testing. This study shows that a simple measure of the knee contact load and area could be used to predict injuries in the human cadaver knee from blunt insult via dummy test data. Such data may prove useful in the design of future instrument panels to provide increased knee injury protection for car occupants.
Authors
Topic
Citation
Atkinson, P., Atkinson, T., Haut, R., Eusebi, C. et al., "Development of Injury Criteria for Human Surrogates to Address Current Trends in Knee-to-Instrument Panel Injuries," SAE Technical Paper 983146, 1998, https://doi.org/10.4271/983146.Also In
References
- Fildes, B. Lenard, J. Lane, J. Vulcan, P. Seyer, K. 1997 Lower Limb Injuries to Passenger Car Occupants Accid. Anal.and Prev. 29 785 791
- States, J. Adult occupant injuries of the lower limb 1986 Biomechanics and medical aspects of lower limb injuries Warrendale, PA SAE 97 107
- Luchter, S. Walz, M.C. Long-term Consequences of Head Injury 1995 J Neurotrauma 12 4 517 526 1995
- MacKenzie, E.J. Siegel, J.H. Shapiro, S. et.al. 1988 Functional Recovery and Medical Costs of Trauma: An analysis by Type and Severity of Injury Journal of Trauma 28 281 298
- Miller, T. Martin, P. Crandall, J.R. 1995 Costs of Lower Limb Injuries in Highway Crashes Proceedings of The International Conference on Pelvic and Lower Extremity Injuries 47 57
- Hartemann, F. Thomas, C. Henry, C. Foret-Bruno, J-Y. Faverjon, G. Tarriere, C. Got, C. Patel, A. 1977 Belted or not Belted: The Only Difference Between Two Match Samples of 200 Car Occupants 21st Stapp Car Crash Conference 21 97 150
- Bourret, P. Corbelli, S. Cavallero, C. 1977 Injury Agents and Impact Mechanisms in Frontal Crashes about 350 in the Field Accidents 21st Stapp Car Crash Conference 21 215 258
- Viano D 1977 Considerations for a femur injury criterion 21st Stapp Car Crash Conference 445 473
- Melvin J Stalnaker R Alem N Benson J Mohan D 1975 Impact Response and Tolerance of the Lower Extremities Stapp Car Crash Conf 19 543 559
- Patrick L Kroell C Mertz H 1965 Forces on the human body in simulated Crashes Stapp Car Crash Conf 9 237 259
- Powell W Ojala S Advani S Martin R 1975 Cadaver Femur Responses to Longitudinal impacts Stapp Car Crash Conf 19 561 579
- Viano DC Stalnaker RL 1980 Mechanisms of Femoral Fracture Journal Biomechanics 13 701 715
- Atkinson PJ Garcia JJ Altiero NJ Haut RC 1997 The influence of impact interface on human knee injury: implications for instrument panel design and the lower extremity injury criterion Stapp Car Crash Conf 41 167 180 paper 973327
- Atkinson PJ MacKenzie C Haut RC 1998 Joint fracture load prediction using geometrical, physical and pathological measures: the human knee SAE International Congress: paper 980358
- Hering W Patrick L 1977 Response Comparisons of the Human Cadaver Knee and a Part 572 Dummy Knee to Impacts by Crushable Materials Stapp Car Crash Conference 21 1015 1053
- Nyquist GW 1974 Static force-penetration response of the human knee Stapp Car Crash Proceedings. Paper 741189
- Dischinger PC Kerns TJ Kufera JA 1995 Lower extremity fracturesin motor vehicle collisions: the role of gender and height Accident Analysis and Prevention 27 4 601 606
- Viano, D. Culver, C. Haut, R. Melvin, J. Bender, M. Culver, R. Levine, R. 1978 Bolster impacts to the knee and tibia of human cadavers and an anthropomorphic dummy Stapp Car Crash Proceedings 22 403 428
- Haut R 1989 Contact Pressures in the Patello-femoral Joint during Impact Loading on the Human Flexed Knee Journal of Orthopaedic Research 7 272 280
- Cheng, R Yang, KH Levine, RS King, AI 1984 Dynamic impact loading under passive restrained condition Stapp Car Crash Conference 28 101 118
- Donohue MJ Buss D Oegema T Thompson R 1983 The Effects of Indirect Blunt Trauma on Adult Canine Articular Cartilage The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 65-A 7 948 957
- Thompson, R.C. Oegema, T.R. Lewis, J.L. Wallace, L. 1991 Osteoarthritic changes after acute transarticular load The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 73-A 7 990 1001
- Atkinson PJ Haut RC 1995 Subfracture Insult to the Human Cadaver Patellofemoral Joint Produces Occult Injury Journal of Orthopaedic Research 13 936 944
- Huberti H Hayes W Stone J Shybut G 1984 Force ratios in the quadriceps tendon and ligamentum patellae Journal of Orthopaedic Research 2 49 54
- Parenteau, C.S. Viano, D.C. Lovsund, P. Tingvall, C. 1996 Foot-Ankle Injuries: Influence of Crash Location, Seating Position, and Age Accid. Anal. and Prev. 28 607 617
- Lewis, P.R. Molz, F.J. Schmidtke, S.Z. Bidez, M.W. 1996 A NASS-Based Investigation of Pelvic Injury within the Motor Vehicle Crash Environment 40th Stapp Car Crash 40 123 129
- Atkinson PJ Haut RC 1995 Insult to the human cadaver patellofemoral joint: effects of age on fracture tolerance and occult injury Stapp Car Crash Conference 39 281 294
- Armstrong C Mow V Wirth C 1985 Biomechanics of impact-induced microdamage to articular cartilage: a possible genesis for chondromalacia patella Amer Acad of Orth Surg Symp on Sports Med Fenerman G 70 84