This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
Rain and Hail Threat to Aviation: A Probability Analysis of Extreme Rain/Hail Concentrations Aloft
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
Curves are derived that show probability versus rain water content and hail water content. These curves apply at the “worst case” single point. The rain curve indicates rain water contents of 15.3, 18.9, and 22.4 g m-3 at probability levels of 10-7, 10-8, and 10-9, respectively. The hail curve indicates hail water contents of 8.5, 12.5, and 16.5 g m-3 at probability levels of 10-7, 10-8, and 10-9, respectively.
The rain and hail water content values listed above apply at 19,700 feet above mean sea level (rain), 15,000 feet above mean sea level (hail). Complete atmospheric vertical profiles for rain and hail are shown.
Recommended Content
Topic
Citation
Patnoe, M. and Moravec, B., "Rain and Hail Threat to Aviation: A Probability Analysis of Extreme Rain/Hail Concentrations Aloft," SAE Technical Paper 965595, 1996, https://doi.org/10.4271/965595.Also In
References
- Tattelman, P. Larson K. P. 1989 Effects of Rain Attenuation on Satellite EHF Communications in the United States
- Bodtmann, W. F. Ruthroff C. L. 1976 The Measurement Of 1 Min Rain Rates From Weighing Raingage Recordings J. Appl. Meteor. 15 1160 1166
- Jones, D. M. A. Wendland W. M. 1984 Some Statistics Of Instantaneous Precipitation J. Climate Appl. Meteor. 24 1059 1067
- Roys, G. P. Kessler E. 1966 Measurements By Aircraft Of Condensed Water In Great Plains Thunderstorms National Severe Storms Project Rep. No. 19 Washington, D.C.
- Briggs, J. 1972 Probabilities Of Aircraft Encounters With Heavy Rain Meteor. Mag. 101 8 13
- Jones, D. M. A. 1956 Rainfall Drop-Size Distribution And Radar Reflectivity Urbana Meteor. Lab., Illinois State Water Survey
- Mueller, E. A. Sims A. L. 1966 Investigation of the Quantitative Determination of Point and Areal Precipitation by Radar Echo Measurements Tech. Rep. ECOM-00032-F, Contract DA-28-043 AMC-00032 (E) Illinois State Water Survey Urbana 88
- Willis, P. T. 1984 Functional Fits To Some Observed Drop Size Distributions And Parameterizations Of Rain J. Atmos. Sci. 41 1648 1661
- Jursa, A. S. 1985 Handbook of Geophysics and Space Environment Air Force Geophysics Laboratory
- Department of Defense 1987 Military Standard, Climatic Information to Determine Design and Test Requirements for Military Systems and Equipment 9 January 1987 Office of the Under Secretary of Defense, Research and Engineering Washington, D.C.
- Tattelman, P. Grantham D. D. 1983 Northern Hemisphere Atlas of 1-Minute Rainfall Rates 81
- Tattelman, P. Grantham D. D. 1983 Southern Hemisphere Atlas of 1-Minute Rainfall Rates 81
- Riordan, P. Bourget P. G. 1985 World Weather Extremes 77
- Kyle, T. G. Sand W. R. 1973 Water Content In Convective Storm Clouds Science 180 1274 1276
- Tattelman, P. Willis P. T. 1985 Model Vertical Profiles of Extreme Rainfall Rate, Liquid Water Content, and Drop-Size Distribution 34
- Marshall, J. S. Palmer W. M. K. 1948 The Distribution Of Raindrops With Size J. Meteor. 5 165 166
- Battan, L. J. 1973 Radar Observations of the Atmosphere The University of Chicago Press 324
- East, T. W. R. Dore B. V. 1957 An Electronic Constant-Altitude Display Proc. Sixth Wea. Radar Conf. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 325 330
- Marshall, J. S. 1957 The Constant-Altitude Presentation Of Radar Weather Patterns Proc. Sixth Wea. Radar Conf. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 321 324
- Ulbrich, C. W. Atlas D. 1982 Hail Parameter Relations: A Comprehensive Digest J. Appl. Meteor. 21 22 43
- Macklin, W. C. Bailey I. H. 1968 The Collection Efficiences Of Hailstones Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. 94 393 396
- Foote, G. B. Knight C. A. 1977 Hail: A Review of Hail Science and Hail Suppression Meteorological Monograph American Meteorology Society Boston 277
- Rasmussen, R. Heymsfield A. J. 1987 Melting And Shedding Of Graupel And Hail. Part I: Model Physics J. Atmos. Sci. 44 2754 2763
- Rasmussen, R. Heymsfield A. J. 1987 Melting And Shedding Of Graupel And Hail. Part II: Sensitivity Study J. Atmos. Sci. 44 2764 2782
- Changnon, S. A. 1977 The Scales Of Hail J. Appl. Meteor. 16 626 648
- Gringorten, I. I. 1971 Hailstone Extremes for Design 23
- Gokhale, N. R. 1975 Hailstorms and Hailstone Growth State University of New York Press Albany, New York 465
- Omoto, Y. 1974 Hailstorms in Japan World Meteorological Society Geneva 207 215
- Sulakvelidze, G. K. 1967 Rainstorms and Hail Gidromet., Leningrad Translated Israel Program for Scientific Translations Jerusalem 1969
- Changnon, S. A., Jr. 1970 Hailstreaks J. Atmos. Sci. 27 109 125
- Farley, R. D. 1987 Numerical Modeling Of Hailstorms And Hailstone Growth. Part III: Simulation Of An Alberta Hailstorm-Natural And Seeded Cases J. Climate Appl. Meteor. 26 789 812
- Farley, R. D. Kopp F. J. Orville H. D. 1989 Numerical Simulation Of Thunderstorms Responsible For Jet Engine Flameouts Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, S. D. School of Mines and Technology Rapid City, SD 41
- Aydin, K. Seliga T. A. Balaji V. 1986 Remote Sensing Of Hail With A Dual Linear Polarization Radar J. Climate Appl. Meteor. 25 1475 1484
- Musil, D. J. Smith P. L. 1988 Hail Growth Processes In An Alberta Hailstorm J. Wea. Mod. 21 65 72
- Johnson, G. N. Smith P. L. 1980 Meteorological Instrumentation System On The T-28 Thunderstorm Research Aircraft Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 61 972 979
- Musil, D. J. Smith P. L. 1989 Interior Characteristics At Mid-Levels Of Thunderstorms In The Southeastern United States Atmos. Res. 24 149 167
- Smith, P. L. Musil D. J. Weber S. F. Spahn J. F. Johnson G. N. Sand W. R. 1976 Raindrop And Hailstone Size Distributions Inside Hailstorms Preprint Int. Cloud Physics Conf. Boulder, Amer. Meteor. Soc. 252 257
- Donaldson, R. J. 1961 Radar Reflectivity Profiles In Thunderstorms J. Appl. Meteor. 18 292 305
- Dennis, A. S. Schock C. A. Koscielski A. 1970 Characteristics Of Hailstorms Of Western South Dakota J. Appl. Meteor. 9 127 135
- Wilk, K. E. 1961 Radar Investigations Of Illinois Hailstorms Sci. Rep. 1, USAF 19(604)-4940, III. State Water Survey 42
- Atlas, D. 1966 The Balance Level In Convective Storms J. Atmos. Sci. 23 635 651
- Schmid, W. Waldvogel A. 1986 Radar Hail Profiles In Switzerland J. Climate Appl. Meteor. 25 1002 1011
- Moravec, B. A. Patnoe M. W. 1996 Recommended Values of Rain and Hail Concentrations to be Considered in the Design of Turbine Engines World Aviation Congress Los Angeles, USA October 1996
- Konrad, T. G. 1978 Statistical Models Of Summer Rainshowers Derived From Fine-Scale Radar Observations J. Appl. Meteor. 17 171 188
- Herman, B. M. Battan L. J. 1961 Calculations Of Mie Back-Scattering From Melting Ice Spheres J. of Meteor. 18 468 478
- Battan, L. J. Browning S. R. Herman B. M. 1970 Tables Of The Radar Cross-Sections Of Dry And Wet Ice Spheres Institute of Atmospheric Physics, University of Arizona 11
- Federer, B. Waldvogel A. 1975 Hail And Raindrop Size Distributions From A Swiss Multicell Storm J. Appl. Meteor. 14 91 97