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Comparison of the Exhaust Emissions from California Phase 1 (without oxygenates) and Phase 2 (with oxygenates) Fuel:A Case Study of 11 Passenger Vehicles
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Abstract
While most studies addressing the fuel effects are based on the Federal Test Procedure (FTP), there are limited studies investigating the fuel effects outside FTP test conditions. In this study, we investigated the differences in exhaust emissions from California Phase 1 to Phase 2 reformulated gasoline over a wide range of speed and ambient temperatures. Eleven catalyst equipped passenger vehicles were tested. The vehicles were comprised of three fuel delivery system configurations, namely, three from carburetor (CARBU), three from throttle body injection (TBI), and five from multi-port fuel injection (MPFI) group. Each vehicle was given 60 tests with the combination of two reformulated fuels: Phase 1 (without oxygenates) and Phase 2 (with oxygenates), three temperatures (50, 75, and 100 °F), and ten speed cycles (average speed ranges from 4 mph to 65 mph). In other words, each vehicle has 30 pairs of Phase 1 and Phase 2 tests under the identical speed and temperature conditions and a total of 330 pairs of test data were analyzed.
Paired t-tests were used to analyze the exhaust emissions data from Phase 1 and Phase 2 fuel. The overall exhaust emissions reduction (based on all vehicles) from Phase 1 to Phase 2 fuel for HC, CO, NOx were 17%, 13%, and 11%, respectively. However, only HC and NOx exhaust emissions reduction were found to be statistically significant (α = 0.05). In general, the exhaust emissions reduction derived from this case study is in good agreement with the emissions reduction predicted by the emission factor model (EMFAC) of the California Air Resources Board (CARB).
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Chou, D. and Long, J., "Comparison of the Exhaust Emissions from California Phase 1 (without oxygenates) and Phase 2 (with oxygenates) Fuel:A Case Study of 11 Passenger Vehicles," SAE Technical Paper 961221, 1996, https://doi.org/10.4271/961221.Also In
References
- California Air Resources Board 1994 “California Air Quality - A Status Report” Sacramento, CA
- California Air Resources Board 1994 “Proposed Amendments to the California Phase 2 Reformulated Gasoline Regulations, Including Amendments Providing for the Use of a Predictive Model,” Technical Support Division and Stationary Source Division Sacramento, CA
- Chou, David Long Jeffrey 1994 “Determination of the Effects of Speed, Temperature, and Fuel Effects on Exhaust Emissions - Exploratory Data Analysis” Proceedings of the 1994 AWMA Emission Inventory Conference: Applications and Improvement AWMA November 1-3 North Carolina
- California Air Resource Board 1993 “Methodology to Calculate Emission Factors for On-Road Motor Vehicles, Volume I: EMFAC7F, Volume II: WEIGHT,Volume III: BURDEN,” Technical Support Division Sacramento, CA
- California Air Resources Board 1994 “Mobile Source Emissions Standards Summary,” Mobile Source Division El Monte, CA June
- Chou, David 1995 “Determination of the Effects of Speed, Temperature, and Fuel Effects on Exhaust Emissions,” University of California Los Angeles
- California Air Resources Board 1995 “Effect of Phase 1 and Phase 2 Gasolines on Evaporative and Exhaust Emissions from Light Duty Vehicles,” Automotive Testing Laboratory East Liberty, Ohio