This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
Effects of a Ceramic Particle Trap and Copper Fuel Additive on Heavy-Duty Diesel Emissions
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
This research quantifies the effects of a copper fuel additive on the regulated [oxides of nitrogen (NOx), hydrocarbons (HC) and total particulate matter (TPM)] and unregulated emissions [soluble organic fraction (SOF), vapor phase organics (XOC), polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), nitro-PAH, particle size distributions and mutagenic activity] from a 1988 Cummins LTA10 diesel engine using a low sulfur fuel. The engine was operated at two steady state modes (EPA modes 9 and 11, which are 75 and 25% load at rated speed, respectively) and five additive levels (0, 15, 30, 60 and 100 ppm Cu by mass) with and without a ceramic trap. Measurements of PAH and mutagenic activity were limited to the 0, 30 and 60 ppm Cu levels. Data were also collected to assess the effect of the additive on regeneration temperature and duration. Copper species collected within the trap were identified and exhaust copper concentrations quantified.
The fuel additive had little effect on baseline emissions (without the trap) of TPM, SOF, XOC, HC or NOx. Particle size distributions indicated that there was a trend towards more nuclei mode particles with increasing additive level, but an overall increase in mass emissions was not detected. Use of the additive generally resulted in reductions of PAH in both the SOF and XOC. Additive effects on mutagenic activity appeared to be mode dependent, with decreases in activity at mode 9 and relatively little change at mode 11.
The trap reduced TPM from 72 to 93% compared to baseline, had no effect on NOx, and reduced HC about 30% at mode 9 with no consistent change at mode 11. The trap's SOF removal efficiency was greater at mode 9 (84 to 91 %) than at mode 11 (55 to 88%). The XOC reductions were less than 48% at mode 9, with mode 11 again showing no consistent change. Collection of copper by the trap was greater than 95%, resulting in a 44 μg/m3 emission rate at mode 9 with 100 ppm copper in the fuel. PAH were generally reduced in the SOF by the trap, but displayed no change or were slightly increased in the XOC. As found in previous studies at MTU with traps, the particle and vapor phase associated mutagenic response generally decreased over time with continued use of the trap (this occurred at all additive levels in this study).
The additive reduced the trap regeneration temperature from 510°C to about 375°C and reduced the regeneration time from about 90 minutes with no additive to about 1 minute with 30 ppm and greater additive concentrations. Trap ash analysis showed that approximately 89.5% of the material was CuO, 2.5% was Cu2O, and 8% was CaSO4.
Authors
Topic
Citation
Harvey, G., Baumgard, K., Johnson, J., Gratz, L. et al., "Effects of a Ceramic Particle Trap and Copper Fuel Additive on Heavy-Duty Diesel Emissions," SAE Technical Paper 942068, 1994, https://doi.org/10.4271/942068.Also In
References
- Bagley ST Gratz LD Leddy DG Johnson JH 1993 Characterization of particle and vapor phase organic fraction emissions from a heavy-duty diesel engine equipped with a particle trap having regeneration controls Research Report No 56 Health Effects Institute Cambridge, MA
- Bagley ST Baumgard KJ Gratz LD Johnson JH Leddy DG 1994 Characterization of fuel and aftertreatment device effects on diesel emissions Final project report Health Effects Institute Cambridge, MA
- Baumgard KJ Kittelson DB 1985 The influence of a ceramic particle trap on the size distribution of diesel particles SAE Paper No. 850009 . SAE Transactions 1 56 69
- Baumgard KJ Bickel KL 1987 Development and effectiveness of ceramic diesel particle filters Bureau of Mines Information Circular IC9 141 94 102
- Baumgard KJ Johnson JH 1992 The effect of low sulfur fuel and a ceramic particle filter on diesel exhaust particle size distributions SAE Paper No. 920566 . SAE Transactions 101 691 699
- Dainty E Lawson A Vergeer H Manicom B Kreuzer T Engler B 1987 Diesel emissions reduction by ceramic filters employing catalysts or a fuel additive SAE Paper No. 870014
- DeMarini DN Dallas MM Lewtas J 1989 Cytotoxicity and effect on mutagenicity of buffers in a microsuspension assay Teratogen Carcinogen Mutagen 9 289 295
- Johnson JH Bagley ST Gratz LD Leddy DG 1994 A review of diesel particulate control technology and emission effects SAE Paper No. 940233
- Kado NY Langley D Eisenstadt E 1983 A simple modification of the Salmonella liquid-incubation assay - Increased sensitivity for detecting mutagens in human urine Mutat Res 121 125 132
- Kantola T Bagley S Gratz L Leddy D Johnson J 1992 The influence of a low sulfur fuel and a ceramic particle trap on the physical, chemical, and biological character of heavy-duty diesel emissions SAE Paper No. 920565 . SAE Transactions 101 675 690
- Kittelson DB Dolan DF Diver RB Aufderheide E 1978 Diesel exhaust particle size distributions-fuel and additive effects SAE Paper No. 780787
- Kojetin P Janezich F Sura L Tuma D 1993 Production experience of a ceramic wall flow electric regeneration diesel particulate trap SAE Paper N. 930129
- Liu BYH Kapadia A 1978 U of MN Particle Technology Laboratory Publication No. 325
- Ludecke OA Bly K 1984 Diesel exhaust particle control by monolith trap and fuel additive regeneration SAE Paper No. 840077
- McCabe R Sinkevitch R 1986 A laboratory combustion study of diesel particulates containing metal additives SAE Paper No. 860011
- Maron DN Ames BN 1983 Revised methods for the Salmonella mutagenicity test Mutat Res 113 173 215
- MacCrehan WA May WE Yung SD Benner BA Jr. 1988 Determination of nitro-polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in air and diesel particulate matter by liquid chromatography with electrochemical and fluorescence detection Anal. Chem. 60 194 199
- Opris CN Gratz LD Bagley ST Baumgard KJ Leddy DG Johnson JH 1993 The effects of fuel sulfur concentration on regulated and unregulated heavy-duty diesel emissions SAE Paper No. 930730
- Pataky CM Baumgard KJ Gratz LD Bagley ST Leddy DG Johnson JH 1994 Effects of an oxidation catalytic converter on regulated and unregulated diesel emissions SAE Paper No. 940243
- SAS Institute, Inc. 1985 SAS User's Guide: Statistics SAS Institute, Inc. Cary, NC
- Tuteja AD Hoffman MB Lopez-Crevillen JM Singh S Stomber RR Wallace GC 1992 Selection and development of a particulate trap system for a light duty diesel engine SAE Paper No. 920142
- Wade W White J Florek J Cikanek H 1983 Thermal and catalytic regeneration of diesel particulate traps SAE Paper No. 830083
- Waldenmaier DA Gratz LD Bagley ST Johnson JH Leddy DG 1990 The influence of sampling conditions on the repeatability of diesel particulate and vapor phase hydrocarbon and PAH measurements SAE Paper No 900642 . SAE Transactions 99 1431 1448