This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
Measurements of Total and Speciated Hydrocarbon Removal from Engine Exhaust Using Activated Carbon
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
A hydrocarbon trapping system for cold start emissions was constructed and tested using two types of carbonaceous adsorbents provided by Corning, Inc. One was made by combining activated carbon with an organic binder and extruding it into a honeycomb, and the other by depositing a carbon coating on a ceramic monolith. The tests were carried out on an engine in a dynamometer laboratory to characterize the performance of the carbon elements under transient cold start conditions. Performance was evaluated by continuously measuring exhaust gas hydrocarbon concentrations upstream and downstream of the trap, using conventional emissions consoles. Samples were also collected for off-line analysis of individual hydrocarbon species using gas chromatography to examine differences in adsorption of individual species. The speciated hydrocarbon data were used to distinguish between the mass trapping efficiency and a reactivity-based trapping efficiency of the adsorbant traps. Trap performance was investigated using both a 91 RON base gasoline and a California reformulated fuel. The two carbon adsorbents were found to have similar abilities to collect total hydrocarbons, with the carbon coated monolith achieving somewhat higher effiencies, presumably due to its greater geometric surface area. The traps differed in their ability to release adsorbed hydrocarbons when treated with a heated air purge. The tolerance to higher temperature of the carbon coated monolith sample could be exploited for more efficient purging of the trap using a stream of heated air. Speciation of samples collected before and after the traps revealed that high molecular weight hydrocarbons were trapped very efficiently, while low molecular weight species were not. Because atmospheric reactivity varies among hydrocarbons, reactivity trapping efficiency differed from mass trapping efficiency. The results obtained illustrate the effect that fuel selection has when determining the mass- and reactivity-based trapping efficiency of cold trap adsorbants.
Recommended Content
Authors
Topic
Citation
Pakko, J., Adamczyk, A., Siegl, W., and Pawlowicz, R., "Measurements of Total and Speciated Hydrocarbon Removal from Engine Exhaust Using Activated Carbon," SAE Technical Paper 941999, 1994, https://doi.org/10.4271/941999.Also In
References
- California Air Resources Board (CARB) “California Exhaust Emission Standards and Test Procedures for 1988 and Subsequent Model Passenger Cars, Light-duty Trucks and Medium-duty Vehicles,” September 22 1993
- Carter W. P. L. Atkinson R. “Computer Modeling Study of Incremental Hydrocarbon Reactivity,” Environ. Sci. Technol. 23 864 880 1989
- Chock D. P. Winkler S. L. “Exhaust Emissions of Reformulated Gasolines and Methonol Fuels Based on the Working Datasets of the Auto/Oil Air Quality Improvement Research Program.” “PM 10 Standards and Nontraditional Particulate Source Controls,” Chow J. C. Ono D. M. 899 923 Air & Waste Management Association Pittsburgh, PA 1992
- Engler B. H. Lindner E. Lox E. S. Ostgathe K. Schäfer-Sindlinger A. Müller W. “Reduction of Exhaust Gas Emissions by Using Hydrocarbon Adsorber Systems,” SAE Paper No. 930738 Society of Automotive Engineers 1993
- Fletcher R. D. Donohoue D. E. “California's Phase 2 Reformulated Gasoline Program” Air & Waste Management Association Paper 92-91.06 85th Annual Meeting June 21-26 1992
- Heimrich M. J. Smith L. R. “Cold-Start Hydrocarbon Collection for Advanced Exhaust Emission Control,” SAE Paper No. 920847 Society of Automotive Engineers 1992
- Hirota T. Kojima K. Yakushiji K. Inoue T. “Effects of Exhaust Emission Control Devices and Fuel Composition on Speciated Emissions of S.I. Engines” SAE Paper No. 922180 Society of Automotive Engineers 1992
- Hochmuth J. K. Burk P. L. Tolentino C. Mignano M. J. “Hydrocarbon Traps for Controlling Cold Start Emissions” SAE Paper No. 930739 Society of Automotive Engineers 1993
- Ingalls M. N. “Evaluation of Activated Charcoal for Storage of Exhaust Hydrocarbons,” Foruth Quarterly Report, SwRI Project No. 03-1464 1992
- Jensen T. E. Siegl W. O. Richert J. F. O. Lipari F. Loo J. F. Prostak A. Sigsby J. “Advanced Emission Speciation Methodologies for the Auto/Oil Air Quality Improvement Research Program - I. Hydrocarbons and Ethers” SAE Paper No. 920320 Society of Automotive Engineers 1992
- Johnson T. V. personal communication Feburary 1994
- Kaiser E. W. Siegl W. O. Cotton D. F. Anderson R. W. “Effect of Fuel Structure on Emissions from a Spark-Ignited Engine II. Naphthene and Aromatic Fuels” Environ. Sci. Technol. 26 1581 1586 1992
- Kaiser E. W. Siegl W. O. Baidas L. M. Lawson G. P. Cramer C. F. Dobbins K. L. Roth P. W. Smokovitz M. “Time-Resolved Measurement of Speciated Hydrocarbon Emissions During Cold Start of a Spark-Ignited Engine,” SAE Paper No. 940963 Society of Automotive Engineers 1994
- Kubo S. Yamamoto M. Kizaki Y. Yamazaki S. Tanaka T. Nakanishi K. “Speciated Hydrocarbon Emissions of SI Engine During Cold Start and Warm-up,” SAE Paper No. 932706 Society of Automotive Engineers 1994
- Lipari F. “Determination of individual hydrocarbons in automobile exhaust from gasoline-, methanol-, and variable-fueled vehicles,” J. Chromatog. 503 51 1990
- Otto K. Montreuil C. N. Todor O. McCabe R. W. Gandhi H. S. “Adsorption of Hydrocarbons and Other Exhaust Components on Silicate,” I&EC Research 30 2333 2340 1991
- Richert J. F. O. Siegl W. O. Chladek Ema “A Study of the Fate of Three Fuel-derived Hydrocarbon Pairs in Vehicle Exhaust,” 50th Anniversary Anachem Symposium November 7 1991 Farmington, Michigan
- Siegl W. O. Richert J. F. O. Jensen T. E. Schuetzle D. Swarin S. J. Loo J. F. Prostak A. Nagy D. Schlenker A. M. “Improved Emissions Speciation Methodology for Phase II of the Auto/Oil Air Quality Improvement Research Program. Hydrocarbons and Oxygenates” SAE Paper No. 930142 Society of Automotive Engineers 1993
- Siegl W. O. Zinbo M. Korniski T. J. Richert J. F. O. Chladek E. Peck M. C. Weir J. E. Schuetzle D. Jensen T. E. “Air Toxics: A Comparison of the Gas- and Particle-Phase Emissions from a High-Emitter Vehicle with those from a Normal-Emitter Vehicle” SAE Paper No. 940581 Society of Automotive Engineers 1994
- Tsuchida H. Ishihara K. Iwakiri Y. Matsumoto M. “Effect of Catalyst Systems on Characteristics of Exhaust Hydrocarbon Species,” SAE Paper No. 932718 Society of Automotive Engineers 1993