This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
The Influence of Sampling Conditions on the Repeatability of Diesel Particulate and Vapor Phase Hydrocarbon and PAH Measurements
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
A study was conducted to assess the effects of controlling filter face temperatures and two differently sized collection systems on diesel total particulate matter (TPM) and vapor phase hydrocarbon levels from a diesel engine. The results were used to revise sampling protocols so that variability associated with quantitation of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) is minimized.
Particulate soluble organic fraction (SOF) levels (%) were compared 1) for tests where the dilute exhaust filter face temperature was held constant by varying dilution ratio (DR) to account for day to day variations in inlet air temperature to the tunnel and 2) for tests in earlier studies where the DR was held constant and the filter face temperature then varied because of varying tunnel inlet air temperature. Between date variations in %SOF were reduced by about 60% due to holding filter face temperatures constant, compared to holding DR constant.
Using 47-mm and 508 x 508-mm filter size dilute exhaust sampling systems, SOF and semi-volatile hydrocarbon (collected on XAD-2 resin and termed XAD-2 resin organic component or XOC) samples were collected from several different engine test runs with the same filter face temperature at each run. Individual SOF values for a given day for either sampling system were not significantly different from each other and there generally was no significant difference between SOF levels obtained from the two sampling systems for samples collected on the same date. There were no significant differences in 508 x 508-mm XOC levels either within or between test dates.
Measurements of six biologically active PAH were made from SOF collected on two different dates using the 508 x 508-mm filter system. No significant differences were found in levels of any PAH collected on the two different test dates. With benz[a]anthracene plus chrysene, nitropyrene, and fluoranthene, the variability in detected levels was approximately equal to the variability in SOF values for a given engine run. Levels of the other PAH had greater variability, indicating additional effects of sample handling and quantitation when PAH are present near detection limits. When compared to literature values for PAH from SOF/TPM collected from other diesel engines, these PAH concentrations are of comparable magnitude but generally of less variability.
Recommended Content
Authors
- D. A. Waldenmaier - Michigan Technological University Houghton, MI
- L. D. Grato - Michigan Technological University Houghton, MI
- S. T. Bagley - Michigan Technological University Houghton, MI
- John H. Johnson - Michigan Technological University Houghton, MI
- D. G. Leddy - Michigan Technological University Houghton, MI
Citation
Waldenmaier, D., Grato, L., Bagley, S., Johnson, J. et al., "The Influence of Sampling Conditions on the Repeatability of Diesel Particulate and Vapor Phase Hydrocarbon and PAH Measurements," SAE Technical Paper 900642, 1990, https://doi.org/10.4271/900642.Also In
References
- McClellan, R.O. Bice, D.E. Cuddihy, R.G. Gillett, N.A. Henderson, R.F. Jones, R.K. Mauderly, J.L. Pickrell, J.A. Shami, S.G. Wolff, R.K. “Health Effects of Diesel Exhaust” Aerosols : Research Risk Assessment and Strategies 1st 1 Marcel Dekker New York 1986
- Hidy, G.M. “Atmosphereic Aerosols: Physical Characterization” Aerosols: An Industrial and Environmental Science” 1st 1 Academic Press New York 1984
- Schuetzle, D. “Sampling of Vehicle Emissions for Chemical Analysis and Biological Testing” Health Persp. 1983 47 65
- Lee, F.S.C. Schuetzle, D. “Sampling, Extraction and Analysis of PAH from Internal Combustion Engines” Handbook of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 1st 1 Marcel Dekker New York 1983
- Lewtas, J. “Genotoxicity of Complex Mixtures: Strategies for the Identification and Comparative Assessment of Airborne Mutagens and Carcinogens from Combustion Sources” Fund. Appl. Toxicol. 1988 10 4 571
- Galasyn, J.F. Hornig, J.F. Soderbert, R.H. “The Loss of PAH from Quartz Fiber High Volume Filters” Jour. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. 1984 34 57
- Coutant, R.W. et al. “Phase Distribution and Artifact Formation in Ambient Air Sampling for Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons” Atmos. Environ. 1988 22 2 403
- Dorie, L.D. Bagley, S.T. Leddy, D.G. Johnson, J.H. “Characterization of Mutagenic Subfractions of Diesel Exhaust Modified by Ceramic Particulate Traps” Environ. Sci. Technol. 1987 21 757
- Leinster, P. Evans, M.J. “Factors Affecting the Sampling of Airborne Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons-A Review” Ann. Occupat. Hyg. 1986 30 481
- Ligocki, M.P. Pankow, J.F. “Assessment of Adsorption/Solvent Extraction with Polyurethane Foam and Adsorption/Thermal Desorption with Tenax GC for the Collection and Analysis of Ambient Organic Vapors” Anal. Chem. 1985 57 138
- Thrane, K.E. Mikalsen, A. Stray, H. “Monitoring Method for Airborne Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons” Int. Journ. Environ. Anal. Chem. 1981 23 111
- Yamasaki, H. Kuwata, K. Miyamoto, H. “Effects of Ambient Temperature on Aspects of Airborne Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons” Environ. Sci. Technol. 1982 16 4 189
- Mauderly, J.L. Jones, R.K. Griffith, W.C. Henderson, R.F. McClellan, R.O. Fund. Appl. Toxicol. 1987 9 208
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health “Current Intelligence Bulletin No. 50: Carcinogenic Effects of Exposure to Diesel Exhaust” DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 88-116 1988
- Rykowski, R.A. Brochu, A.J. “Diesel Particulate Emissions: The United States Experience with Extrapolations to Europe and Japan” Aerosols: Research, Risk Assessment and Control Strategies 1st 1 Marcel Dekker New York 1983
- Bagley, S.T. Dorie, L.D. Leddy, D.G. Johnson, J.H. “An Investigation into the Effect of a Ceramic Particle Trap on the Chemical Mutagens in Diesel Exhaust” Research Report No. 5: Health Effects Institute: Cambridge MA 1987
- Konstandopoulos, A.G. Gratz, L.D. Johnson, J.H. Bagley, S.T. Leddy, D.G. “Ceramic Particulate Traps for Diesel Emission Control - Effects of a Manganese-copper Fuel Additive” SAE Paper No. 880009 1988
- Miller, P.R. Scholl, J. Bagley, S. Leddy, D. Johnson, J.H. “The Effects of a Porous Ceramic Particulate Trap on the Physical, Chemical, and Biological Character of Diesel Particulate Emissions” SAE Transactions 1983 92 287 315
- Hunter, G. Scholl, J Hibbler, F. et al. “The Effects of Fuels on Diesel Oxidation Catalyst Performance and the Physical, Chemical, and Biological Character of Diesel Particulate Emissions” SAE Transactions 198l 90 3679 3700
- Alfheim, I. Lindskog, A. “A Comparison Between Different High Volume Sampling Systems for Collecting Ambient Airborne Particles for Mutagenicity Testing and for Analysis of Organic Compounds” Sci. Tot. Environ. 1984 34 203
- Stump, F. Bradow, R. Raw, W. et al. “Trapping Gaseous Hydrocarbons for Mutagenic Testing” SAE Paper No. 820776 1982
- MacCrehan, W. A. May, W.E. Yung, S.D. Benner, B.A., Jr. “Determination of Nitro Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Air and Diesel Particulate Matter using Liquid Chromatography with Electrochemical and Fluorescence Detection” Anal. Chem. 1988 60 194
- Bradow, R. et al. “Sampling Diesel Engine Particulate and Artifacts from Nitrogen Oxide Interactions SAE Paper No. 820182 1982
- Clerc, J.C. Johnson, J.H. “A Computer Heat Transfer and Hydrocarbon Adsorption Model for Predicting Diesel Particulate Emissions in Dilution Tunnels” SAE Transactions 1982 91 4 3780 3810
- Chuang, J.C. Hannan, S.W. Koetz, J.R. “Stability of Polynuclear Aromatic Compounds Collected from Air on Quartz Fiber Filters and XAD-2 Resin” Sept. 1986 Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park North Carolina
- Rosner, B. Fundamentals of Biostatistics 1st 1 Duxbury Press Boston 1982 189 253
- Coordinating Research Council APRAC project CAPE-24 “First Annual Report on Diesel Engine Emissions of Particulates and Associated Organic Matter” July 1980
- Coordinating Research Council APRAC project CAPE-24 “Second Annual Report on Diesel Engine Emissions of Particulates and Associated Organic Matter’ June 1982
- Coordinating Research Council APRAC project CAPE-24 “Third Annual Report on Diesel Engine Emissions of Particulates and Associated Organic Matter” April 1984
- IIT Research Institute “Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Analysis Round Robin Study” IITRI Project C08634 1983 Atlanta, GA
- Coordinating Research Council APRAC project CAPE-24 “Second Year Report on Polynuclear Aromatic Content of Heavy Duty Diesel Engine Exhaust Gases” January 1977
- Hoekman, S.K. Ingham, M.C. “Measurement of PAH and Nitro-PAH from a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine” Presented at the 80th Ann. Meet., Air Pollut. Cont. Assoc. New York 1987
- Begeman, C.R. Colucci, J.M. “Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbon Emissions from Automotive Engines” SAE Paper No. 700469 1970
- Gibson, T.L. “Nitro derivatives of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbon in Airborne and Source Particulate Matter” Atomos. Environ. 1982 16 8 2307
- Dainty, E.D. Lawson, A. Vergeer, H.C. Manicom, B. Kreuzer, T.P. Engler, B.H. “Diesel Emissions Reduction by Ceramic Filters Employing Catalysts or a Fuel Additive” SAE Paper 870014 1987
- Draper, W.M. Hartmann, H. Watts, W.F., Jr. Baumgard, K.J. Kittelson, D.B. “Impact of a Ceramic Trap and Manganese Fuel Additive on the Biological Activity and Chemical Composition of Exhaust Particles from Diesel Engines Used in Underground Mines” SAE Paper 871621 1987
- Menzies, K.T. et al. “Development of a Routine Technique for Analysis of Nitro-PAH in Diesel Particulate Extract” Coordinating Research Council, Inc. 1985