A CAL3D Steering System Impact Model

An energy absorbing steering system model with the capability to simulate the impact response of components of the column has been developed. In order to be able to evaluate occupant crash response, this model has been implemented into the CAL3D occupant dynamics simulation program. In this implementation process, two required features, a slip joint and an enhanced spring-damper element, have been added into a GM proprietary version of CAL3D. The steering system model in CAL3D was verified with both a drop tower test and a mini-sled test.