This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
Motor Vehicle Forward Lighting
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
This paper surveys the literature on motor vehicle headlighting and its influence on the ability of drivers to avoid accidents. The review identifies the key relationships between headlamp design characteristics and driver and environmental factors. The major safety problems associated with headlighting are discussed, and issues needing the attention of the research community are identified.
Recommended Content
Technical Paper | Driving with HID Headlamps: A Review of Research Findings |
Technical Paper | Visibility Problems in Nighttime Driving |
Technical Paper | Collision Research at Indianapolis Motor Speedway |
Authors
Citation
Perel, M., Olson, P., Sivak, M., and Medlin, J., "Motor Vehicle Forward Lighting," SAE Technical Paper 830567, 1983, https://doi.org/10.4271/830567.Also In
References
- Gallagher, V.P. Janoff, M.S. Interaction between fixed and vehicular illumination systems Franklin Institute Research Laboratories Philadelphia, Pa July 1972
- Scott, P.P. The relationship between road lighting quality and accident frequency The Transport and Road Research Laboratory 1980
- Merritt, J.O. Helander, M. Abrarms, C. Miller, J.C. The effect of wide-angle headlight illumination on driver performance Human Factors Research Inc. June 1982
- Treat, J.R. Romberg, R.A. Tri-levelstudy: Modification. Task 1: Final report on potential benefits of various improvements in vehicle systems preventing accidents or reducing their severity Final report Indiana University Bloomington Institute for Research in Public Safety 1977
- Hale, A. Blomberg, R.D. “Conspicuity for Pedestrians and Bicyclists -Task 2 Interim Report: Operational Definition of Conspicuity and Accident Analyses” NHTSA February 1982
- Burger, W.J. Smith, R.L. Queen, J.E. Slack, G.B. Accident and near accident causation: The contribution of automobile design characteristics Dunlap and Associates LaJolla, California DOT-HS-802-714 1977
- Koth, B.W. McCunney, W.D. Dverk, D.P. Janoff, M.S. Freedman, M. Vehicle Fog Lighting: An Analytical Evaluation Franklin Institute Research Laboratory March 1978
- Haghighi-Talab, 0. “An Investigation into the Relationship Between Rainfall and Road Accident Frequencies on Two Cities” Accident Analysis and Prevention 5 4 1973 345 349
- OECD Road Research Group “Adverse Weather, Reduced Visibility, and Road Safety” The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development August 1976
- Bhise, V.D. Farker, E.I. Saunby, C.S. Troell, G.M. Walunas, J.B. Bernstein, A. Modeling Vision With Headlights In a Systems Context. Ford Motor Company, Automotive Safety Office, Dearborn, Michigan Society of Automotive Engineers, International Automotive Engineering Congress and Exposition 28 Feb-4 March 1977 Report No. SAE 770238
- Devaux, P. Unified European Passing Beam and Yellow Light International Road Safety and Traffic Review 4 1956 33 39
- Christie, A.W. Ashwood, J.E. Symons, R.D.H. Visual Acuity In Yellow Headlights Road Research Laboratory Crowthorne, England 1968
- Schreuder, D.A White or yellow light for Vehicle Headlamps? Institute for Road Safety Research SWOV Voorburg (The Netherlands) 1976
- Lee, R.L. Scott, O.P. “Driver Eye Height and Vehicle Sales Trends” Federal Highway Administration, Office of Highway Safety January 1981
- Olson, P.L. Jorgeson, C.M. Sturgis, S.P. Thomas, J.K. Domas, P.A. Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Automotive Rear Lighting Systems The Highway Safety Research Institute, University of Michigan October 1975
- Pulling, N.H. Wolf, E. Sturgis, S. Vaillancourt, D.R. Dolliver, J.J. “Headlight Glare Resistance and Driver Age” Human Factors 1980 22 1 103 112
- Sturges, S. Osgood, D. “Measuring the Quality of Drivers’ Night Vision” Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 25th Annual Meeting 1981
- Hauser, E.W. Moore, R.P. Homeyer, P.G. Macklenburg County Drinking/Driving Survey, 1970 Research Triangle Park North Carolina Research Triangle Institute January 1971
- Nelson, J.H. Design and use of headlamp meeting beams Proceedings of the Institute of Mechanical Engineers Auto Division 1954–55 3 100 107 117 129
- Moore, R.L. Headlight design Ergonomics 1958 1 2 163 176
- Roper, V.J. Four headlamps for better seeing Traffic Engineering 1957 27 171 175
- Devaux, P. State-of-the-art -signaling and lighting International Commission on Illumination (France) 1970 International Automobile Safety Conference Compendium , SAE, Report No. SAE 700386 1970 555 580
- Kilgour, T.R. Some results of cooperative vehicle lighting research. Chrysler Corporation National Research Council Highway Research Board Bulletin 1960 255 92 100
- Meese, G.E. Vehicular Lighting systems fortwo-lane rural highways. General Electric Company, Cleveland, Ohio Workshop on Highway Visibility Highway Research Board, Committee on Visibility 1972
- DeBoer, J.B. A “duplo” headlight with asymmetric passing beam” Light and Lighting 1955 XLVIII 4
- T DeBoer, J.B. Progress in automobile lighting as a result of international visibility tests Road Safety and Traffic Review Winter 1956 18 23
- Jones, K.J. Comments on vehicle lighting following international visibility tests. Joseph Lucas (Electrical) Ltd., Birmingham, England International Road Safety and Traffic Review 24 25 41 Winter 1956
- Bailly, P. Cibie, P. Devaux, P. The use of iodine lamps in car headlights NNHZWF Motor Industry Research Association Lindley, England Ingenieurs de 1’ Auto June 1963 36 6 317 330
- Roper, V.J. Morgenstern, L.A. Quartz-iodine headlamps slated for European debut. General Electric Company, Cleveland, Miniature Lamp Department, Ohio SAE Journal 1964 72 6 30 35
- Ehrhardt, R.Q. Halogen sealed beam head-lamps General Electric Company, Miniature Lamp Department Cleveland, Ohio Society of Automotive Engineers Congress and Exposition 26 Feb–2 March 1979 Report No. SAE 790200
- Zaccherini, F. Thulin, A. A survey of motor vehicle headlights Stockholm 66 332 1969
- Hull, R.W. Hemion, R.H. Cadena, D.G. Guidelines for improving the stability of headlamp aim Final report Southwest Research Institute San Antonio, Texas August 1972
- Roper, V.J. Meese, G.E. More light on the headlighting problem General Glectric Co., Miniature Lamp Department Cleveland, Ohio 1963
- Sturgis, S.P. Motorcycle headlighting research University of Michigan Highway Safety Research Institute August 1975
- Olson, P.L. Abrams, R.A. Improved motorcycle and moped headlamps University of Michigan Highway Safety Research Institute May 1982
- Adler, B. Lunenfeld, H. Three-beam headlight evaluation Airborne Instruments Laboratory Deer Park, N.Y. April 1973
- Bhise, V.D. McMahan, P.B. Farber, E.I. Predicting target-detection distance with headlights Transportation Research Record 1976 611 1 16
- DeBoer, J.B. Morasz, W. Berechnung der Schweite aus der Lichtverteilung von Automobilescheinwerfern. N.V. Philips’ Gloeilampenfabrieken Light-Technical Laboratory Eindhoven, Netherlands, Lichttechnik 1956 8 10 433 437
- Graf, C.P. Krebs, M.J. Headlight factors and nighttime vision Final report Honeywell, Inc., Systems and Research Division Minneapolis, Minn. November 1976
- Halstead-Nussloch, R. Olson, P.L. Burgess, W.T. Flannagan, M.J. Sivak, M. Evaluation of the feasibility of a single-beam headlighting system Final report Highway Safety Research Institute Ann Arbor, Michigan December 1979
- Helmers, G. Rumar, K. Obstacle visibility in rural night driving as related to reflective qualities of the road surface Uppsala University, Department of Psychology Sweden 1974
- Helmers, G. Rumar, K. High beam intensity and obstacle visibility Uppsala University, Department of Psychology Sweden 1974
- Hemion, R.H. Interchangeability of vehicle headlamps Southwest Research Institute August 30 1973
- Hemion, R.H. Hull, R.W. Optimum two-lamp headlighting system Final report Southwest Research Institute San Antonio, Texas July 1973
- Johansson, G. Rumar, K. Available braking distances in night driving Uppsala University, Department of Psychology Sweden November 1963
- Johansson, G. Bergstorm, S.S. Jansson, G. Ottander, C. Rumar, K. Ornberg, G. Visibility distances in simulated night driving conditions with full and dipped headlights Uppsala University, Psychological Laboratory Sweden Ergonomics 1963 6 2 171 179
- Kazenmaier, A. Internationale Vergleichsversuche and Abblendlichtern von Automobilescheinwerfern des amerikanischen und europaischen Typs. (International comparative experiments with the meeting beams of American and European motor-car headlights.) Robert Bosch GmbH Stuttgart, Germany Deutsche Kraftfahrtforschung und Strassenverkenhrstechnik 94 1956
- Lindae, G. Licht am Fahrzeug - ein Beitrag zur Verkehrssicherheit Robert Bosch GmgH Stuttgart, Germany ATZ 1962 64 5 152 158
- Mortimer, R.G. Olson, P.L. Development and use of driving tests to evaluate headlamp beams Final report Highway Safety Research Institute Ann Arbor, Michigan March 1974
- Roper, V.J. Howard, E.A Seeing with motorcar headlamps Illumination Engineering 1938 33 412 438
- Roper V. Scott, K.D. Silhouette seeing with motor car headlamps. General Electric Company, Cleveland, Nela Park Engineering Department, Ohio Illuminating Engineering Society Transactions 1939 34 1073 1084
- Rumar, K. Visible distances in night driving with misaligned meeting dipped headlights Uppsala University, Department of Psychology Uppsala, Sweden August 1965
- Rumar, K. Halogen and conventional continental European headlights; a comparison of visibility distances Uppsala University, Department of Psychology Sweden 1970
- Rumar, K. Helsners, G. Thorell, M. Obstacle visibility with European halogen H4 and American sealed beam headlights Uppsala University, Traffic Safety Research Group Sweden 1973
- Schmidt-Clausen, H.J. The visibility distance of a car-driver in driving situation Society of Automotive Engineers International Congress and Exposition February 22–26 1982 Detroit, MI Report No. SAE 820416
- Webster, L.A. Yeatman, F.R An investigation of headlight glare as related to lateral separation of vehicles Illinois University, Engineering Experiment Station Urbana Engineering Experiment Station Bulletin 496 1968
- Zechnall, R. Influence of light distribution of headlamps on seeing distances Ingelstam, E. Lighting Problems in Highway Traffic MacMillan Co. 1963 53 72
- Campbell, W.F. “Automobile Stopping Distances for Judging Headlight Performance” National Research Council Canada February 1973
- Huculak, P. Ascertaining the effects of atmospheric factors during visual detection experiments in automobile headlighting National Research Council Ottawa National Aeronautical Establishment (Canada) May 1978a
- Hull, R.W. Hemion, R.H. Cadena, D.G. Dial, B.C. “Vehicle Forward Lighting Performance and Inspection Requirements “” NHTSA July 1971
- Cole, B.L. Some observations on disability glare Proceedings of Glare Seminar Australian Road Research Board Victoria 1977
- Holladay, L.L. Action of a light-source in the field of view in lowering visibility Journal of the Optical Society of America 14 1927 1 9
- Stiles, W.S. The effect of glare on the brightness difference threshold Proceedings of the Royal Society B104 1929 322 250
- Grime, C. The performance of head-lamp meeting beams Institution of Mechanical Engineers Automobile Division. Proceedings 1954–55 3 108 129
- DeBoer, J.B. Quality criteria for the passing beam of headlights Paper presented at the CTB meeting in Walldorf, West Germany September 1973
- Schmidt-Clausen, H.J. Bindels, J.T.H. Assessment of discomfort glare in motor vehicle lighting Lighting Research and Technology 1974 6 2 79 88
- Mortimer, R.G. Olson, P.L. Evaluation of meeting beams by field tests and computer evaluation Final report Highway Safety Research Institute Ann Arbor, Michigan December 1974
- Lulla, A.B. Bennett, C.A. Discomfort glare: range effects Journal of the Illumination Engineering Society 10 2 January 1981 74 80
- Miller, N.D. Baumgardner, D. Mortimer, R.G. An evaluation of glare in nighttime driving caused by headlights reflected from rearview mirrors Society of Automotive Engineers, Automobile Engineering Meeting October 21–25 1974 Toronto, Canada Report No. SAE 740962
- Rowland, G.E. Moretti, E.S. Patton, M.L. Evaluation of glare from following vehicle headlights Final report Rowland and Company, Inc. Haddonfield, N.J. January 1981
- Olson, P. L. Sivak, M. Improved low-beam photometries University of Michigan Highway Safety Research Institute February 1981
- Yerrell, J. S. Headlamp intensities in Europe and Britain Road Research. Laboratory Crowthorne (England) 1971
- Jehu, V. J. Seeing with foglamps Light and Lighting May 1953 46 5 174 178
- Jehu, V. J. Headlight setting. Part I. An investigation of commercial testers. Part II. - An improved headlight tester Automobile Engineer April 1954 44 4 159 164 Part II: 44 (5), May 1954, 213–215
- Jehu, V. J. Vehicle headlamp testing Road Research Laboratory Crowthorne (England) 1958
- Harris, A. J. The meeting beams of headlights; effects of deterioration and misaim Illuminating Engineering Society Transactions 18 8 1953 207 220
- Finch, D. M. Dunlop, D. R. Collins, D. M. Headlamp survey program University of California Berkeley September 1969
- Finch, D. M. Controlling headlamp aim California University Berkeley, College of Engineering 1970
- Heath, W. M. Problems in passenger car headlamp aim Society of Automotive Engineers International Automotive Engineering Congress Jan. 8–12 1973 Detroit, Michigan Report No. SAE 730009
- Terry, R. M. Automotive headlamp aiming - intentions and results Society of Automotive Engineers International Automotive Engineering Congress January 8–12 1973 Detroit, MI Report No. SAE 730007
- Olson, P. L. Mortimer, R. G. Analysis of sources of error in headlamp aim Automotive Engineering Congress February 25–March 1 1974 Detroit, MI Report No. SAE 740312
- Yerrell, J. S. The performance of two self-levelling headlamp systems Road Research Laboratory Crowthorne (England) 1971
- Rumar, K. Dirty headlights -frequency and visibility distances Uppsala University, Department of Psychology Sweden 1970
- Cox, N. T. The effect of dirt on vehicle headlamp performance Road Research Laboratory Crowthorne (England)
- Jehu, V. J. A survey of vehicle headlights Illuminating Engineering Society Transactions 1953 18 9 249 259
- Jehu, V. J. A method of evaluating seeing distances on a straight road for vehicle meeting beams Road Research Laboratory Crowthorne, England Illuminating Engineering Society Transactions 1955 20 2 57 67
- Jehu, V. J. A method of evaluating seeing distances on a curved road and its application to headlight beams in England Illuminating Engineering Society London Transactions 1957 22 3 69 83
- Mortimer, R. G. Becker, J. M. Development of a computer simulation to predict the visibility distance provided by headlamp beams Highway Safety Research Institute Ann Arbor, Michigan July 1973a
- Mortimer, R. G. Becker, J. M. Computer simulation evaluation of current U.S. and European headlamp meeting beams, and a proposed mid beam Highway Safety Research Institute Ann Arbor, Michigan Automotive Engineering Congress 25 Feb–1 March 1974 Detroit, Michigan Report No. SAE 740311
- Mortimer, R. G. Becker, J. M. Development of a computer simulation to predict the visibility distance provided by headlamp beams Highway Safety Research Institute Ann Arbor, Michigan May 1973b