Hydrogen as an Alternative Automotive Fuel

Authors

• Carl A. Kukkonen

Topic

• Fuel cells
• Synthetic fuels
• Alternative fuels
• Energy consumption
• Hydrogen fuel
• Electric vehicles

Citation

Also In

References

1. Kukkonen C. A. “Hydrogen as an Alternative Automotive Fuel” Technical Report, Research Staff, Ford Motor Company 1980
2. Dickson E. M. et al “The Hydrogen Energy Economy” Stanford Research Institute, 1977 (Praeger New York 1977
3. Gregory D. P. “A Hydrogen Energy System” Prepared for American Gas Association by Institute of Gas Technology 1972
4. Escher W. J. D. “Hydrogen-Fueled Internal Combustion Engine, A Technical Survey of Contemporary U.S. Projects” prepared for U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration, Report TEC-751005 September 1975
5. Cornell Hampton et al “Production Economics for Hydrogen, Ammonia and Methanol During the 1980-2000 Period” Exxon Research and Engineering Company, Prepared for Brookhaven National Laboratory” 1977
6. “Hydrogen Energy Assessment” Salzano F. J. Braun C. Editors, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Prepared for U.S. Department of Energy 1977
7. “Hydrogen for Energy Distribution” Symposium Papers (Institute of Gas Technology Chicago 1979
8. VanVorst W. D. Wooley R. L. “Hydrogen- Fueled Surface Transportation” in “Hydrogen: Its Technology and Implications” IV” Cox K. E. Williamson K. D. Jr. Editors (CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 1979
9. Michaels H. T. “Hydrogen Production Via the K-T Coal Gasification Process: Current Economic and Technological Aspects” in “Hydrogen for Energy Distribution”, (Institute of Gas Technology Chicago” 1979
10. Gregory D. P. Tanman, P. B. “Hydrogen from Fossil Fuels” presented at International DGLR/DEVLR Symposium on Hydrogen in Air Transportation 1979
11. Gregory D. P. et al “The Economics of Hydrogen Production” presented at Symposium of Production and Marketing of Hydrogen, Current and Future, ACS/CSF Chemical Congress 1979
12. Earbman G. H. Hord J. F. “Economics of Hydrogen”, in “Hydrogen: Its Technology and Implications V” CRC Press 1979
13. Kim E. T. et al Energy Research 3 143 155 1979
14. Foh S. E. et al “Dedicated Nuclear Facilities for Electrolytic Hydrogen Production” “Hydrogen for Energy Distribution”, (Institute of Gas Technology, Chicago” 1979
15. J. E. Funk “A Technoeconomic Analysis of Large Scale Therraochemical Production of Hydrogen” prepared for Electric Power Research Institute, EPRI EM-287
16. Strickland G. “Hydrogen Storage Techno logy for Metal Hydrides” in “Hydrogen for Energy Distribution”, (Institute of Gas Technology Chicago” 1979
17. Baker C. R. “Efficiency and Economics of Large Scale Hydrogen Liquefaction” SAE paper 751094 1975
18. Hord J. “How Safe is Hydrogen” in “Hydrogen for Energy Distribution”, (Institute of Gas Technology Chicago” 1979
19. Escher W. J. D. “Hydrogen as a Vehicular Fuel: Review of Progress Made by U.S. Department of Energy-Supported Projects” presented at symposium on Nonpetroleum Vehicular Fuels, sponsored by Institute of Gas Technology Arlington, VA February 1980
20. Lynn D. K. et al “Fuel Cell Systems for Vehicular Applications” SAE Paper 800059 1980
21. Huang C. J. et al “Demand and Supply of Hydrogen as a Chemical Feedstock in “Hydrogen for Energy Distribution” Institute of Gas Technology Chicago 1979
22. “Synthetic Fuels Program” SRI International 1979
23. “Overview of Synthetic Fuels Potential to 1990” Cameron Engineers, prepared for Synthetic Fuels Task Force of the U.S. Senate Budget Committee 1979
24. “Fossil Energy Program” Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Report ORNL-5612 January 1980
25. Donnelly J. J. et al “Study of Hydrogen-Powered Versus Battery-Powered Automobiles” prepared by the Aerospace Corporation for U.S. Department of Energy, Report ATR-79 (7759) May 1979
26. Willis F. G. “Derivation of Axle Work Equations for Metro and HWEET” Technical Memorandum No. SRM 80-17, Research Staff, Ford Motor Company July 30 1980
27. Magee C. L. private communication based on “Weight Interaction - Part I: 1975 Ford Cars”, Technical Report No. SR-75-105, Research Staff, Ford Motor Company 1975
28. Stewart W. F. “Liquid Hydrogen-Fueled Vehicle Project” paper presented at U.S. Department of Energy, Automotive Technology Development Contractor's Coordination Meeting October 1979 and summarized in “Automotive Engineering” January 1980
29. Based on weights for stationary hydride storage tanks given in Strickland G. “Hydrogen Storage Technology for Metal Hydrides” Wolley R. L. “The Hydrogen Homestead Project” “Hydrogen for Energy Distribution” Institute of Gas Technology Chicago 1979
30. Harrington J. A. “Application of New Combustion Analysis Method in the Study of Alternate Fuel Combustion and Emission Characteristics” “Future Automotive Fuels” Colucci J. M. Gallopoulos H. E. Plenum Press New York 1977
31. Bernhardt W. E. Lee W. “Engine Performance and Exhaust Emission Characteristics of a Methanol-Fueled Automobile” “Future Automotive Fuels” Colucci J. M. Gallopoulos N. E. Plenum Press New Yor 1977
32. Purohit G. Houseman J. “Methanol Decomposition Bottoming Cycle for IC Engines” SAE paper no. 790427 1979
33. Kukkonen C. A. “Weight Reduction in Electric Vehicles” Ford Motor Company 1980
34. Donnelly J. J. Jr. et al “Hydrogen-Powered vs. Battery-Powered Automobiles” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy” 4 411 443 1979
35. Aerospace uses the SAE J227a Schedule D driving cycle. Ford uses the EPA metro (city) cycle. Aerospace's calculation of axle work/mile for their driving cycle is 10% greater than the present calculation for the metro cycle. Aerospace uses the following vehicle parameters; C D A = 8 ft 2 in 1985 and 7 ft 2 in 1990, C r = 0.012 in 1985 and 0.010 in 1990, Cr = 0.012 in 1985 and 0.010 in 1990. Ford uses C D A = 8.67 and Cr = 0.010. Aerospace assumes the dynamic hydrogen storage capacity of FeTi is 1.2%. Ford assumes 1%
36. Cole R. B. “The Performance of Hydrogen-Fueled Reciprocating Engines” Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Automotive Propulsion Systems” II Washington D.C. 1977
37. Cole R. B. “The Performance of ‘Conventional’ Hydrogen/Air Engines: Theoretical Cycle Analysis” Proceedings of the Tenth Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference” 1975
38. Adt R. R. Jr. Swain M. R. Pappas J. M. “Hydrogen Engine Performance Analysis” prepared by University of Miami for U.S. Department of Energy, Report SAN” 1212-1 August 1978
39. Donnelly J. J. Jr. et al. “Study of Hydrogen-Powered Versus Battery-powered Automobiles. ” ATR-79(7759)-l, Government Support Operations, The Aerospace Corporation, El Segundo California May 1979
40. Donnelly J. J. Jr. et al. “Hydrogen-Powered vs Battery-Powered Automobiles.” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy” 4 411 443 Pergamon Press Ltd. 1979
41. Adt R. R. Jr. Swain M. R. Pappas J. M. “Hydrogen Engine Performance Analysis Project.” Second Annual Report SAN-1212-T1, University of Miami and Hawthorne Research and Testing, Inc. January 1980
42. Escher W. J. D. et al “Hydrogen Engine and Fuel Containment R&D: A Progress Report on the U.S. Department of Energy Program.” Presented at 5th International Symposium on Automotive Propulsion Systems, APS-5, CONF-800419 2 April 14 18 1980
43. Swain M. S. et al “Hydrogen-Fueled Automotive Engine Experimental Testing to Provide an Initial Design-Data Base.” To be presented at 1981 Society of Automotive Engineers Congress and Exposition, Detroit February 23 27 1981
44. Furuhama S. Enemoto Y. Kobayashi Y. “Liquid Hydrogen Car With Two-Stroke Fuel Injection Spark Ignition Engine.” Presented at XV International Congress of Refrigeration Venezia September 23 29 1979
45. Cole R. B. “The Performance of Hydrogen-Fueled Reciprocating Engines.” Proceedings of the Eleventh Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference I September 1976
46. “Engine Test Code-Spark Ignition and Diesel-SAE J816b.” Society of Automotive Engineers Standard
47. Frlcker L. “Results of an Investigation into Anti-Knock Control on Gasoline Engines.” Presented at 5th International Symposium on Automotive Propulsion Systems, APS-5, CONF-800419” 2 April 14 18 1980
48. Gumbleton J. J. Niepoth G. W. Currie J. H. “Effect of Energy and Emission Constraints on Compression Ratio.” Paper 760826 , presented at SAE Automobile Engineering Meeting, Dearborn October 18 22 1976
49. Bernauer Dr. “Use of Hydrides in Motor Vehicles.” Presented at 5th International Symposium on Automotive Propulsion Systems, APS-5, CONF-800419” 2 April 14 18 1980
50. Wagner T. O. “Technical Aspects of Fuel Supplies.” Presented at 5th International Symposium on Automotive Propulsion Systems, APS-5, CONF-800419 2 April 14 18 1980
51. Nichols R. J. “Automotive Engine Fuel Requirements.” Presented at 5th International Symposium on Automotive Propulsion Systems, APS-5, CONF-800419 2 April 14 18 1980
52. Freel J. “SRC-II Products and Applications.” Presented at 5th International Symposium on Automotive Propulsion Systems, APS-5, CONF-800419 2 April 14 18 1980

Cited By