This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
Retained Austenite and Its Measurement by X-Ray Diffraction
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
This paper shows that retained austenite (R.A.) exists in many hardenable steels and that its presence can induce both positive and negative changes in various mechanical and engineering properties. The economic considerations of these changes are particularly important in such finished products as bearings, gears and tool steels. Discussed in the paper are the following aspects of the R.A. problem; (1) origin of R.A., (2) methods for its control, (3) quantity levels in various steels, and (4) various methods for its measurement. The x-ray diffraction technique of R.A. measurement is shown to be a very accurate and fast tool for the quantification of R.A. in the microstructure of such products whether subjected to measurement after heat treatment, or after deformation processing and return from service.
Recommended Content
Authors
Topic
Citation
Jatczak, C., "Retained Austenite and Its Measurement by X-Ray Diffraction," SAE Technical Paper 800426, 1980, https://doi.org/10.4271/800426.Also In
References
- Gordon, P. Cohen M. Rose, R. S. “Kinetics of Austenite Decomposition in High Speed Steel.” Trans. A.S.M. 1943
- Rose A. Hougardy H. P. “Transformation Characteristics and Hardenability of Carburizing Steels.” “Transformation and Hardenability in Steel” Climax Molybdenum Co. of Michigan U.S.A. 1967
- Cohen, M. “Retained Austenite” Trans. A.S.M. 1948
- Koistinen D. P. Marburger, R. E. “A General Equation for Austenite - Martensite Transformation in Pure Carbon Steels.” Acta Met. 7 1959
- Jatczak, C. F. “Graphitic Cold Work Tool Steels.” A.S.M. Paper No. C72-25.2 1972
- Gulyayev, A. “Martensite Transformation in High Speed Steels.” Katchestvennaya Stal 5 1 1937
- Kinsman K. R. Magee C. L. “Symposium on Formation of Martensite in Iron Alloys.” in” Trans. A.I.M.E 12 1971
- Parrish G. “Influence of Microstructure on Properties of Case Carburized Components.” Part 4 - “Retained Austenite” Heat Treatment of Metals 1976–4
- Rowland E. S. Lyle, S. R. “The Application of Ms Point to Case Depth Measurements.” Trans. A.S.M 37 1946
- Jaffe L. D. Hollomon J. H. “Ferrous Metallurgical Design.” John Wiley New York, N.Y. 1947
- Gordon, P. Cohen M. Rose, R. S. “Effect of Quenching Bath Temperature on Tempering of High Speed Steel.” Trans. A.S.M 33 1944
- Machlin E. S. Cohen, M. “Burst Phenomenon in Martensitic Transformation.” Trans. A.I.M.E 191 1951
- Woherle, H. R. Clough, H. R. Ansell, G. S. “Athermal Stabilization of Austenite.” J. Iron and Steel 203 1965
- Edmondson, B. “Thermal Stabilization of Austenite in 10% Ni, 1% C, Steel” Acta Met 5 1957
- Harris W. J. Cohen, M. “Stabilization of the Austenite - Martensite Transformation.” Trans. A.I.M.E 180 1949
- Pati S. R. Cohen, M. “Nucleation of Isothermal Martensite.” Acta Met 17 1969
- Lement B. S. Averbach B. L. Cohen M. “Microstructural Changes on Tempering Iron-Carbon Alloys.” Trans. A.S.M. 46 1954
- Zmeskal O. Cohen, M. “The Tempering of Two High Carbon - High Chromium Steels.” Trans. A.S.M 31 1943
- Razim C. “Effect of Retained Austenite on Pitting and Bending Fatigue.” Techn. Hochschule Stuttgart 1967 28
- Krotine F. T. McGuire M. F. A. R. “Influence of Case Properties and Retained Austenite on Behavior of Carburized Components.” Trans. A.S.M 62 1969
- Widner R. Burrier H. Jatczak C. F. “Influence of Retained Austenite on Compressive Properties, Contact Fatigue and Scoring Resistance of Carburized Steels.” The Timken Company 1973
- Prenosil B. “Effect of Retained Austenite on Strength of Cemented and Nitrided Steels Under Alternating Loads.” “Symposium on Metal Fatigue” Prague 1960
- Muro, H. et al. “Effect of Retained Austenite on Rolling Fatigue of Carburized Steels.” 12th Japan Congress on Materials Research, Metallic Materials March 1969
- DePaul, R. A. “High Cycle Bending and Impact Fatigue of Carburized Gear Steels.” A.S.M. Metals Engineering Quarterly Vol 10 Nov. 1970
- Richman R. H. Landgraf, R. W. “Some Effects of Retained Austenite on Fatigue Resistance of Carburized Steel.” Met. Trans 6 May 1975
- Reichenbach, G. S. et al. “Yield Behavior of Certain Alloy Steels at Low Strain Values.” Trans. A.S.M 54 1961
- Lai, G. Y. Wood, W. E. Clark, R. A. Zackay V. F. Parker, E. R. “The Effect of Austenitizing Temperature on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of As Quenched 4340 SteeL” Met. Trans 5 July 1974
- Bhandakarar, D. Zackay V. F. Parker, E. R. “Stability and Mechanical Properties of Some Metastable Austenitic Steels.” Met. Trans 3 1972
- Parker, E. R. “Interrelations of Composition, Transformation Kinetics, Morphology, and Mechanical Properties of Alloy Steels.” Met. Trans 8A July 1977
- Krieble R. W. Philip, T. V. “Effect of Retained Austenite on Copper Sulfate Corrosion Resistance of 440-C Stainless Bearing Steel.” A.S.M. Materials Engr. Congress, Chicago 1973
- Fletcher, S. G. Averbach B. L. Cohen, M. “The Dimensional Stability of Steel.” Part 1, Trans. A.S.M 34 1945
- Klimek, E. J. “A Metallographic Method for Measuring Retained Austenite.” Metals Engineering Quarterly 15 1 February 1975
- Harris, W. J. Jr “Comparison of Metallographic and X-Ray Retained Austenite Measurements.” Nature 161 February 1948
- Averbach B. L. Cohen, M. “X-Ray Determination of Retained Austenite by Integrated Intensities.” Trans. A.I.M.E 176 1948
- Littmann W. E. “An X-Ray Spectrometer Determination of Retained Austenite in Steel.” MIT 1952
- Erard H. R. “Technique for Measuring Low Percentages of Retained Austenite Using Filtered X-Ray Radiation and an X-Ray Diffractometer.” Adv. in X-Ray Analysis 7 1963 Plenum Press New York, N.Y.
- Ogilvie R. E. “Retained Austenite by X-Rays.” Norelco Reporter May 1959
- Lindgren R. “Calculated Intensity Ratios of X-Ray Lines from Austenite and Martensite The Timken Company 1964
- Miller, R. L. “A Rapid X-Ray Method for the Determination of Retained Austenite.” Trans. A.S.M 57 1964
- Miller, R. L. “Volume Fraction Analysis of Phases in Textured Alloys.” Trans. A.S.M 61 1968
- Durnin J. Ridal, K. A. “Determination of Retained Austenite in Steel by X-Ray Diffraction.” J. I. S. I January 1968
- Arnell, R. D. “Correction for Preferred Orientation.” An Answer to Above Reference, J.I.S.I October 1968
- Beu, K. E. “Modification of an X-Ray Method for Measuring Retained Austenite in Hardened Steel.” Trans. A.I.M.E 194 1952
- Leonard, L. Luszcz S. J. Meakin, J. D. “Non-Dispersive X-Ray Techniques in Retained Austenite Determinations” A.S.M 1973
- James M. R. Cohen J. B. “A Portable Residual Stress Analyzer.” Dept. of Materials Science Northwestern University Evanston, Illinois 1977
- Cullity B. D. “Elements of X-Ray Diffraction.” Addison-Wesley Reading, Massachusetts 1956
- Taylor A. “X-Ray Metallography.” John Wiley & Sons New York 1961
- Klug H. D. Alexander L. L. “X-Ray Diffraction Procedure.” J. Wiley & Sons New York 1970
- Mirkin L. I. “X-Ray Analysis of Polycrystalline Mterials.” Consultant Bureau New York 1964
- Gulberg R. Langneborg, R. “X-Ray Determination of the Volume Fraction of Phases in Textured Materials.” Trans. A.I.M.E 236 October 1966
- Dickson, M. J. “The Significance of Texture Parameters in Phase Analysis by X-Ray Diffraction.” J. Applied Crystallography 2 1969
- Roberts, C. S. “Effect of Carbon on the Volume Fractions and Lattice Parameters of Retained Austenite and Martensite.” Trans. A.I.M.E February 1953
- “International Tables for X-Ray Crystallography.” Kynoch Press Birmingham III 1962
- Taylor J. Parrish, W. “Absorption and Counting and Efficiency Data for X-Ray Detectors.” Rev. Scientific Instr 26 1955
- Dowling, P. H. et al. “Counters for X-Ray Analysis.” Philips Technical Rev. 18 1956/1957
- S.A.E. Handbook J784a Residual Stress Measurement by X-Ray Diffraction, S.A.E. New York 1971
- Jatczak C. F. “Product Method for the Determination of Retained Austenite.” The Timken Company 1966
- Jatczak C. F. “Precision of X-Ray Retained Austenite Measurements.” The Timken Company 1970
- Kim, C. “X-Ray Method of Measuring Retained Austenite in White Cast Iron.” AM Foundry Soc 1978
- Pearson W. B. “Handbook of Lattice Spacings and Structure of Metals and Alloys.” Pergamon Press N.Y. 1967
- Lindgren, R. “On the Accuracy of X-Ray Retained Austenite Measurements.” Metal Progress April 1965
- Armstrong R. A. “Some Developments in the Analysis of Retained Austenite by X-Ray Diffraction.” Scientific Research Lab., Ford Motor Company 1975
- Minutes of X-Ray Division Meeting Rackham Building Detroit, Michigan Aprl 23 1964
- Pearson D. A. “Summary of Techniques and Procedures for Retained Austenite Determinations by X-Ray Diffraction.” X-Ray Subcommittee Meeting Report April 28–29 1965
- Youden, W. J. “Graphical Diagnosis of Interlaboratory Test Results.” Industrial Quality Control May 1959