Experimental Investigation of the Freezing Problem Present in Discharging Water Based Fluids to Space

Manned spacecraft designed for relatively short duration missions, and therefore not equipped to either reclaim or store body waste fluids, will seek to eject these waste fluids overboard either by sublimation or evaporation in a heat exchanger, or directly as a liquid or liquid-gas mixture. This paper concerns itself with the problems involved in the latter method and demonstrates several experimental solutions.