Impact of Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) on Battery Degradation in a Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle

Electric vehicles (EVs) are becoming increasingly recognized as an effective solution in the battle against climate change and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Lithium-ion batteries have become the standard for energy storage in the automobile industry, widely used in EVs due to their superior characteristics compared to other batteries. The growing popularity of the Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) concept can be attributed to its surplus energy storage capacity, positive environmental impact, and the reliability and stability of the power grid. However, the increased utilization of the battery through these integrations can result in faster degradation and the need for replacement. As batteries are one of the most expensive components of EVs, the decision to deploy an EV in V2G operations may be uncertain due to the concerns of battery degradation from the owner’s perspective. This paper examines the degradation of the battery employed in Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) for both V2G connection and its typical operating schedule. For assessing the degradation in driving scenarios, the US06 drive cycle is employed. On the other hand, for the V2G scenario, a 10 kW bidirectional charger is utilized. The charger discharges the battery up to 20 kWh in 2 hours or up to 60% state of charge (SoC) and subsequently charges it back to 90% SoC at a constant 1C rate. This V2G setup simulates the discharging and charging patterns typically observed in real-world scenarios and allows for evaluating battery performance and degradation under such conditions. Finally, an economic analysis is conducted by considering the capacity loss of the battery resulting from the V2G connection. This study considers the incentives obtained through the V2G connection, providing an assessment of the economic viability and potential benefits associated with utilizing the vehicle in V2G applications.