This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
Experimental and Numerical Study of Water Injection under Gasoline Direct Injection Engine Relevant Conditions
Technical Paper
2023-01-0313
ISSN: 0148-7191, e-ISSN: 2688-3627
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
Water injection has been used to reduce the charge temperature and mitigate knocking due to its higher latent heat of vaporization compared to gasoline fuel. When water is injected into the intake manifold or into the cylinder, it evaporates by absorbing heat energy from the surrounding and results in charge cooling. However, the effect of detailed evaporation process on the combustion characteristics under gasoline direct injection relevant conditions still needs to be investigated. Therefore, spray study was firstly conducted using a multi-hole injector by injecting pure water and water-methanol mixture into constant volume combustion chamber (CVCC) at naturally aspirated and boosted engine conditions. The target water-fuel ratio was fixed at 0.5. Mie-scattering and schlieren images of sprays were analyzed to study spray characteristics, and evaluate the amount of water vaporization. The qualitative analysis of the water and water-methanol sprays demonstrated the inability of water to evaporate completely. Moreover, simulations of water spray injection were also performed under the framework of CONVERGE using the Eulerian-Lagrangian modeling approach. The amount of vaporized water, evaporation rate, temperature evolution, saturation ratio was analyzed and compared under different crank angles. The presented simulation scheme will provide informative support for the future design of water injection pattern in internal combustion engines.
Authors
Topic
Citation
Zhai, J., Miganakallu Narasimhamurthy, N., Naber, J., and Lee, S., "Experimental and Numerical Study of Water Injection under Gasoline Direct Injection Engine Relevant Conditions," SAE Technical Paper 2023-01-0313, 2023, https://doi.org/10.4271/2023-01-0313.Also In
References
- Brown , S.P. and Huntington , H.G. OPEC and World Oil Security Energy Policy 108 2017 512 523
- Ferreira , F.J. and De Almeida , A.T. Induction Motor Downsizing as a Low-Cost Strategy to Save Energy Journal of Cleaner Production . 24 2012 117 131
- Fraser , N. et al. Challenges for Increased Efficiency through Gasoline Engine Downsizing SAE International Journal of Engines 2 1 2009 991 1008
- Turner , J. et al. Ultra Boost for Economy: Extending the Limits of Extreme Engine Downsizing SAE International Journal of Engines 7 1 2014 387 417
- Heywood , J.B. "Combustion Engine Fundamentals, " 1ª Edição Estados Unidos 25 1988 1117 1128
- Zhen , X. et al. The Engine Knock Analysis–An Overview Applied Energy . 92 2012 628 636
- Subramanian , V. , Mallikarjuna , J. , and Ramesh , A. Effect of Water Injection and Spark Timing on the Nitric Oxide Emission and Combustion Parameters of a Hydrogen Fuelled Spark Ignition Engine International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 32 9 2007 1159 1173
- Kumar , T. et al. Experimental Study of the Anti-Knock Efficiency of High-Octane Fuels in Spark Ignited Aircraft Engine Using Response Surface Methodology Applied Energy 259 2020 114150
- Worm , J. et al. Water Injection as an Enabler for Increased Efficiency at High-Load in a Direct Injected, Boosted, SI Engine SAE International Journal of Engines 10 3 2017 951 958
- Bassett , M. et al. Heavily Downsized Gasoline Demonstrator SAE International Journal of Engines 9 2 2016 729 738
- Narasimhamurthy , N.M. Water Injection and its Impact on Knock Mitigation in Spark Ignited Engines Michigan Technological University 2020
- Brusca , S. and Lanzafame , R. Water Injection in IC-SI Engines to Control Detonation and to Reduce Pollutant Emissions SAE Technical Paper 2003-01-1912 2003 https://doi.org/10.4271/2003-01-1912
- Nande , A.M. , Wallner , T. , and Naber , J. Influence of Water Injection on Performance and Emissions of a Direct-Injection Hydrogen Research Engine 2008
- Merola , S.S. , Irimescu , A. , and Vaglieco , B.M. Influence of Water Injection on Combustion Identified through Spectroscopy in an Optical Direct Injection Spark Ignition Engine Fuel . 273 2020 117729
- Mingrui , W. et al. Water Injection for Higher Engine Performance and Lower Emissions Journal of the Energy Institute . 90 2 2017 285 299
- Boretti , A. Water Injection in Directly Injected Turbocharged Spark Ignition Engines Applied Thermal Engineering . 52 1 2013 62 68
- Berni , F. et al. A Numerical Investigation on the Potentials of Water Injection to Increase Knock Resistance and Reduce Fuel Consumption in Highly Downsized GDI Engines Energy Procedia . 81 2015 826 835
- Zembi , J. et al. CFD Analysis of Port Water Injection in a GDI Engine under Incipient Knock Conditions Energies . 12 18 2019 3409
- Zembi , J. et al. Numerical Investigation of Water Injection Effects on Flame Wrinkling and Combustion Development in a GDI Spark Ignition Optical Engine SAE Technical Paper 2021-01-0465 2021 https://doi.org/10.4271/2021-01-0465
- Cordier , M. et al. Water Injection to Improve Direct Injection Spark Ignition Engine Efficiency SAE Technical Paper 2019-01-1139 2019 https://doi.org/10.4271/2019-01-1139
- Raut , A.A. and Mallikarjuna , J. Effect of in-Cylinder Air-Water Interaction on Water Evaporation and Performance Characteristics of a Direct Water Injected GDI Engine Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal 24 2 2021 480 492
- Miganakallu , N. et al. Effect of Water-Methanol Blends on Engine Performance at Borderline Knock Conditions in Gasoline Direct Injection Engines Applied Energy . 264 2020 114750
- Gupta , B. and Tiwari , M. Minimum Mean Brightness Error Contrast Enhancement of Color Images Using Adaptive Gamma Correction with Color Preserving Framework Optik 127 4 2016 1671 1676
- Gonzalez , R.C. Digital Image Processing India Pearson education 2009
- Otsu , N. A Threshold Selection Method from Gray-Level Histograms IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics . 9 1 1979 62 66
- Richards , K. , Senecal , P. , and Pomraning , E. Converge 2.4* Madison, WI Convergent Science, Inc. 2017
- Zhao , L. et al. Investigation of Multi-Hole Impinging Jet High Pressure Spray Characteristics under Gasoline Engine-like Conditions SAE Technical Paper 2016-01-0847 2016 https://doi.org/10.4271/2016-01-0847
- Han , Z. and Reitz , R.D. Turbulence Modeling of Internal Combustion Engines Using RNG κ-ε Models Combustion Science and Technology . 106 4-6 1995 267 295
- Beale , J.C. and Reitz , R.D. Modeling Spray Atomization with the Kelvin-Helmholtz/Rayleigh-Taylor Hybrid Model Atomization and Sprays . 9 6 1999
- Reitz , R.D. Mechanism of Breakup of Round Liquid Jets Encyclopedia of Fluid Mechanics 10 1986
- Sharp , D.H. An Overview of Rayleigh-Taylor Instability Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena 12 1-3 1984 3 18
- Senecal , P. et al. Grid-Convergent Spray Models for Internal Combustion Engine Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations Journal of Energy Resources Technology . 136 1 2014
- Som , S. et al. Comparison and Standardization of Numerical Approaches for the Prediction of Non-reacting and Reacting Diesel Sprays SAE 2012 World Congress & Exhibition 2012
- O’ROURKE , P.J. Collective Drop Effects on Vaporizing Liquid Sprays Princeton University 1981
- Post , S.L. and Abraham , J. Modeling the Outcome of Drop–Drop Collisions in Diesel Sprays International Journal of Multiphase Flow . 28 6 2002 997 1019
- Hou , S. Investigation of the Interaction Mechanisms between Closely Spaced Sprays from Micro-Hole Nozzles University of Massachusetts Amherst 2005
- Amsden , A.A. , O'Rourke , P.J. , and Butler , T.D. KIVA-II: A computer program for chemically reactive flows with sprays 1989
- Ranz , W. and Marshall , J. WR: Evaporation from Drops Chemical Engineering Progress 48 1952 141 146
- Yakhot , V. and Orszag , S.A. Renormalization Group Analysis of Turbulence. I. Basic Theory Journal of Scientific Computing 1 1 1986 3 51
- Li , X. et al. Modelling of Evaporation of Cough Droplets in Inhomogeneous Humidity Fields Using the Multi-Component Eulerian-Lagrangian Approach Building and Environment 128 2018 68 76
- Kelley , L.Z. Kalepy: A Python Package for Kernel Density Estimation, Sampling and Plotting Journal of Open Source Software 6 57 2021 2784