This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
Assessment of Components Sizing and Energy Management Algorithms Performance for a Parallel PHEV
Technical Paper
2022-37-0015
ISSN: 0148-7191, e-ISSN: 2688-3627
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
In Plug in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), the management of the main drivetrain components and the shift between pure electric and hybrid propulsion is decided by the on-board energy management system (EMS). The EMS decisions have a direct impact on CO2 emissions and need to be optimized to achieve as low emissions as possible. This paper presents optimization methods for EMS algorithms of a parallel P2 PHEV. Two different supervisory control algorithms are examined, employing simulations on a validated PHEV platform. An Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (ECMS) algorithm is implemented and compared to a rule-based one, the latter derived by back-engineering of available experimental data. The different EMS algorithms are analyzed and compared on an equal basis in terms of distance, demanded energy and state of charge levels over different driving cycles. A sensitivity analysis on component sizing interaction with algorithm performance is conducted to check robustness of conclusions. The study shows that the ECMS algorithm can adapt the energy management strategy over the component variations, as no fuel consumption (FC) change exceeded 5%. The performance of the rule-based algorithm is affected by the component size variations as they resulted FC changes up to 26%. In that case recalibration would be necessary in order to maintain the fuel economy performance. The outcome of the study could support the selection of the appropriate EMS algorithm considering both FC and optimization robustness, accounting for individual components size.
Authors
Citation
Aletras, N., Doulgeris, S., Samaras, Z., and Ntziachristos, L., "Assessment of Components Sizing and Energy Management Algorithms Performance for a Parallel PHEV," SAE Technical Paper 2022-37-0015, 2022, https://doi.org/10.4271/2022-37-0015.Also In
References
- Mi , C. and Masrur , M.A. Hybrid Electric Vehicles: Principles and Applications with Practical Perspectives 2nd 2017 9781118970539
- González , R.M. , Marrero , G.A. , Rodríguez-López , J. , and Marrero , Á.S. Analyzing CO 2 Emissions from Passenger Cars in Europe: A Dynamic Panel Data Approach Energy Policy 129 2019 1271 1281 10.1016/j.enpol.2019.03.031
- Szymanski , P. , Ciuffo , B. , Fontaras , G. , Martini , G. et al. The Future of Road Transport in Europe. Environmental Implications of Automated, Connected and Low-Carbon Mobility Combust. Engines 186 3 2021 3 10 10.19206/ce-141605
- https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/transport/vehicles/regulation_en
- ACEA 2021
- EPA 2020
- Arora , A. , Niese , N. , Dreyer , E. , Waas , A. et al. 2021
- Prussi , M. , Yugo , M. , De Prada , L. , Padella , M. et al. 2020 10.2760/100379
- Hänggi , S. , Elbert , P. , Bütler , T. , Cabalzar , U. et al. A Review of Synthetic Fuels for Passenger Vehicles Energy Reports 5 2019 555 569 10.1016/j.egyr.2019.04.007
- Liu , W. Hybrid Electric Vehicle System Modeling Willey 2017 10.1002/9781119278924.ch3
- 2021 https://www.mercedes-benz.co.uk/passengercars/mercedes-benz-cars/models/s-class/saloon-wv223/plugin-hybrid/key-stats.module.html
- Geng , W. , Lou , D. , Wang , C. , and Zhang , T. A Cascaded Energy Management Optimization Method of Multimode Power-Split Hybrid Electric Vehicles Energy 199 2020 117224 10.1016/j.energy.2020.117224
- Hao , L. , Wang , Y. , Bai , Y. , and Zhou , Q. Energy Management Strategy on a Parallel Mild Hybrid Electric Vehicle Based on Breadth First Search Algorithm Energy Convers. Manag. 243 28 2021 114408 10.1016/j.enconman.2021.114408
- Torreglosa , J.P. , Garcia-Triviño , P. , Vera , D. , and López-García , D.A. Analyzing the Improvements of Energy Management Systems for Hybrid Electric Vehicles Using a Systematic Literature Review: How Far are These Controls From Rule-Based Controls Used in Commercial Vehicles? Appl. Sci. 10 23 2020 1 25 10.3390/app10238744
- Guzzella , L. and Sciarretta , A. Vehicle Propulson Systems Berlin Heidelberg Springer-Verlag 2013 978-3-642-35912-5
- Onori , S. , Serrao , L. , and Rizzoni , G. Hybrid Electric Vehicles Energy Management Strategies London Springer 2016 9781447167792
- Zhang , F. , Hu , X. , Langari , R. , and Cao , D. Energy Management Strategies of Connected HEVs and PHEVs: Recent Progress and Outlook Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 73 2019 235 256 10.1016/j.pecs.2019.04.002
- Wu , G. , Xuewei , Q. , Barth , M. , and Boriboonsomsin , K. 2016
- Peng , J. , He , H. , and Xiong , R. Rule Based Energy Management Strategy for a Series-Parallel Plug-In Hybrid Electric Bus Optimized by Dynamic Programming Appl. Energy 185 2017 1633 1643 10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.12.031
- Banvait , H. , Anwar , S. , and Chen , Y. A Rule-Based Energy Management Strategy for Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) 2009 American Control Conference IEEE 3938 3943 2009 10.1109/ACC.2009.5160242
- Sciarretta , A. and Guzzella , L. Control of Hybrid Electric Vehicles IEEE Control Syst. 27 2 2007 60 70 10.1109/MCS.2007.338280
- Musardo , C. , Rizzoni , G. , and Staccia , B. A-ECMS: An Adaptive Algorithm for Hybrid Electric Vehicle Energy Management Proceedings of the 44th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control IEEE 2005 10.1109/CDC.2005.1582424
- Sun , C. , Sun , F. , and He , H. Investigating Adaptive-ECMS with Velocity Forecast Ability for Hybrid Electric Vehicles Appl. Energy 185 2017 1644 1653 10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.02.026
- Lodaya , D. , Zeman , J. , Okarmus , M. , Mohon , S. et al. Optimization of Fuel Economy Using Optimal Controls on Regulatory and Real-World Driving Cycles SAE Int. J. Adv. & Curr. Prac. in Mobility 2 3 2020 1705 1716 10.4271/2020-01-1007
- Serrao , L. , Onori , S. , and Rizzoni , G. A Comparative Analysis of Energy Management Strategies for Hybrid Electric Vehicles J. Dyn. Syst. Meas. Control 133 3 2011 10.1115/1.4003267
- Pérez , L.V. , Bossio , G.R. , Moitre , D. , and García , G.O. Optimization of Power Management in an Hybrid Electric Vehicle Using Dynamic Programming Math. Comput. Simul. 73 1-4 2006 244 254 10.1016/j.matcom.2006.06.016
- Kim , N. , Cha , S. , and Peng , H. Optimal Control of Hybrid Electric Vehicles Based on Pontryagin’s Minimum Principle IEEE Trans. Control Syst. Technol. 19 5 2011 1279 1287 10.1109/TCST.2010.2061232
- Yuan , Z. , Teng , L. , Fengchun , S. , and Peng , H. Comparative Study of Dynamic Programming and Pontryagin’s Minimum Principle on Energy Management for a Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle Energies 6 4 2013 2305 2318 10.3390/en6042305
- Hou , C. , Ouyang , M. , Xu , L. , and Wang , H. Approximate Pontryagin’s Minimum Principle Applied to the Energy Management of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles Appl. Energy 115 2014 174 189 10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.11.002
- Hu , X. , Liu , T. , Qi , X. , and Barth , M. Reinforcement Learning for Hybrid and Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Energy Management: Recent Advances and Prospects IEEE Ind. Electron. Mag. 13 3 2019 16 25 10.1109/MIE.2019.2913015
- Xiong , R. , Cao , J. , and Yu , Q. Reinforcement Learning-Based Real-Time Power Management for Hybrid Energy Storage System in the Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Appl. Energy 211 2018 538 548 10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.11.072
- Zhang , F. , Wang , L. , Coskun , S. , Pang , H. et al. Energy Management Strategies for Hybrid Electric Vehicles: Review, Classification, Comparison, and Outlook Energies 13 13 2020 1 35 10.3390/en13133352
- Spano , M. , Anselma , P.G. , Misul , D.A. , and Belingardi , G. Exploitation of a Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm for Designing a Lightweight Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle Appl. Sci. 11 15 2021 10.3390/app11156833
- Kim , K. , Kim , N. , Jeong , J. , Min , S. et al. A Component-Sizing Methodology for a Hybrid Electric Vehicle Using an Optimization Algorithm Energies 14 11 2021 10.3390/en14113147
- Thibault , L. , Grondin , O. , Querel , C. , and Corde , G. Energy Management Strategy and Optimal Hybridization Level for a Diesel HEV SAE Int. J. Alt. Power. 1 1 2012 260 271 10.4271/2012-01-1019
- Nüesch , T. , Wang , M. , Voser , C. , and Guzzella , L. Optimal Energy Management and Sizing for Hybrid Electric Vehicles Considering Transient Emissions IFAC Proc. 45 30 2012 278 285 10.3182/20121023-3-FR-4025.00015
- Doulgeris , S. , Tansini , A. , Dimaratos , A. , Fontaras , G. , and Samaras , Z. 2 1 12 2019
- Doulgeris , S. , Toumasatos , Z. , Prati , M.V. , Beatrice , C. et al. Assessment and Design of Real World Driving Cycles Targeted to the Calibration of Vehicles with Electrified Powertrain Int. J. Engine Res. 2021 10.1177/14680874211038729
- Aletras , N. , Doulgeris , S. , Samaras , Z. , and Ntziachristos , L. Comparative Assessment of Supervisory Control Algorithms for a Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Submiss. Phase .
- Lee , W. , Kim , T. , Jeong , J. , Chung , J. et al. Control Analysis of a Real-World P2 Hybrid Electric Vehicle Based on Test Data Energies 13 15 2020 1 14 10.3390/en13164092
- Tsiakmakis , S. , Fontaras , G. , Cubito , C. , Pavlovic , J. et al. 2 2017