This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
Concept, Loading and Calibration Effects on the Emission Performance of NG-TWC for HD Engines
Technical Paper
2022-01-1013
ISSN: 0148-7191, e-ISSN: 2688-3627
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
The environmental impact of heavy-duty vehicles powered by natural gas is considered to be less harmful compared to Diesel vehicles. Consequently, the share of vehicles using either compressed natural gas (CNG) or liquified natural gas (LNG) is expected to increase in the coming years. Since most Euro VI compliant engines operate with stoichiometric air-fuel ratio, the aftertreatment system (ATS) requires efficient three-way catalyst. With ever increasing prices on platinum group metals (PGM) over the past few years, three-way catalysts products have been exposed to wild fluctuations in cost that have had great impact on their affordability. Given that stoichiometric operation is the most widely used calibration of heavy-duty natural gas engines, the trade-off between efficiency, calibration and PGM cost must be constantly reset. This study focuses on the evolution and transition from bimetallic palladium-rhodium (Pd:Rh) concepts to trimetallic platinum-palladium-rhodium (Pt:Pd:Rh) three-way catalyst (TWC) concepts where a reduction in PGM loading through washcoat improvements and catalyst architecture supported by catalyst simulation software can be achieved, while keeping emissions at comparable or better levels and exploring the effects of different calibrations to the overall performance.
Recommended Content
Authors
Topic
Citation
Sala, R., Kallinen, K., Chernyshev, A., Wolff, T. et al., "Concept, Loading and Calibration Effects on the Emission Performance of NG-TWC for HD Engines," SAE Technical Paper 2022-01-1013, 2022, https://doi.org/10.4271/2022-01-1013.Also In
References
- Reitz , R.D. , Ogawa , H. , Payri , R. , Fansler , T. et al. IJER Editorial: The Future of the Internal Combustion Engine International Journal of Engine Research September 24 2019 https://doi.org/10.1177/1468087419877990
- Kalghatgi , G. Is It Really the End of Internal Combustion Engines and Petroleum in Transport? Applied Energy September 2018 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.05.076
- Leach , F. , Kalghatgi , G. , Stone , R. , and Miles , P. The Scope for Improving the Efficiency and Environmental Impact of Internal Combustion Engines Transportation Engineering June 2020 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.treng.2020.100005
- Bae , C. and Kim , J. Alternative Fuels for Internal Combustion Engines Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, Elsevier BV 2017 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2016.09.009
- Distaso , E. , Amirante , R. , Calò , G. , De Palma , P. et al. Evolution of Soot Particle Number, Mass and Size Distribution along the Exhaust Line of a Heavy-Duty Engine Fueled with Compressed Natural Gas Energies 13 15 2020 3993 https://doi.org/10.3390/en13153993
- Amirante , R. , Distaso , E. , Di Iorio , S. , Sementa , P. et al. Effects of Natural Gas Composition on Performance and Regulated, Greenhouse Gas and Particulate Emissions in Spark-Ignition Engines Energy Conversion and Management July 2017 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2017.04.016
- McTaggart-Cowan , G.P. , Rogak , S.N. , Munshi , S.R. , Hill , P.G. et al. The Influence of Fuel Composition on a Heavy-Duty, Natural-Gas Direct-Injection Engine Fuel March 2010 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2009.10.007
- Zhang , Q. , Xu , Z. , Li , M. , and Shao , S. Combustion and Emissions of a Euro VI Heavy-Duty Natural Gas Engine Using EGR and TWC Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering 28 January 2016 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jngse.2015.12.015
- John , B. Heywood, Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals, Chapter 11 McGraw Hill 1988 655
- Kontses , A. , Triantafyllopoulos , G. , Ntziachristos , L. , and Samaras , Z. Particle Number (PN) Emissions from Gasoline, Diesel, LPG, CNG and Hybrid-Electric Light-Duty Vehicles Under Real-World Driving Conditions Atmospheric Environment 222 1 February 2020 117126 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.117126
- Kumar , P. and Makki , I. Three-Way Catalyst Diagnostics and Prognostics Based on Support Vector Machines SAE Technical Paper 2017-01-0975 2017 https://doi.org/10.4271/2017-01-0975
- Dadam , S.R. , Van Nieuwstadt , M. , Lehmen , A. , Ravi , V.K. et al. A Unique Application of Gasoline Particulate Filter Pressure Sensing Diagnostics SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars-Mechanical Systems 14 06-14-02-0007 2021 105 116 https://doi.org/10.4271/06-14-02-0007
- Zeng , F. and Hohn , K.L. Modelling of Three-Way Catalytic Converter Performance with Exhaust Mixture from Natural Gas-Fueled Engines Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 182 March 2016 570 579 https://doi.org/10.1016/japcatb.2015.10.004
- Gelin , P. Complete Oxidation of Methane at Low temperature Over Noble Metal Based Catalysts: A Review Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 39 November 2002 1 37 10.1016/S0926-3373(02)00076-0
- Ferri , D. , Elsener , M. , Kröcher , O. Methane Oxidation Over a Honeycomb Pd-only Three-Way Catalyst Under Static and Periodic Operation Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 220 67 77 2018 https://doi.org/10.1016/japcatb.2017.07.070
- https://platinum.matthey.com
- Aoki , Y. , Sakagami , S. , Kawai , M. , Takanashi , N. et al. Development of Advanced Zone Coated Three-Way Catalysts SAE Technical Paper 2011-01-0296 2011 https://doi.org/10.4271/2011-01-0296
- Wang , C. , Tan , J. , Harle , G. , and Gong , H. Ammonia Formation over Pd/Rh Three-Way Catalysts During Lean to Rich Fluctuations: The Effect of Catalyst Ageing, Exhaust Temperature, Lambda and Duration in Rich Conditions Environmental Science and Technology October 2019 10.1021/acs.est.9b03893
- Lou , D. , Ren , Y. , Li , X. , Zhang , Y. et al. Effect of Operation Conditions and TWC Parameters on Emission Characteristics of a Stoichiometric Natural Gas Engine Energies 13 2020 4905 10.3390/en13184905
- Jiang , D. , Khivantsev , K. , and Wang , Y. Low Temperature Methane Oxidation for Efficient Emission Control in Natural Gas Vehicles: Pd and Beyond ACS Catal. 10 2020 14304 14314 https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.0c03338
- Mejía-Centeno , I. , Martínez-Hernández , A. , and Fuentes , G.A. Effect of Low-Sulfur Fuels Upon NH 3 and N 2 O Emission During Operation of Commercial Three-Way Catalytic Converters Topics in Catalysis 42 2007 381 385 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11244-007-02102
- Voltz , S. , Morgan , C. , Liederman , D. , and Jakob , S. Kinetic Study of Carbon-Monoxide and Propylene Oxidation on Platinum Catalysts Chem. Prod. Res. Dev. 12 1973 294 https://doi.org/10.1021/i360048a006
- Hahn , K.R. , Seitsonen , A.P. , Iannuzzi , M. , and Hutter , J. Functionalization of CeO 2 (1 1 1) by Deposition of small Ni Clusters: Effects on CO 2 Adsorption and O Vacancy Formation ChemCatChem 121 2017 20834 20849 https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201402906
- Granger , P. , Dujardin , C. , Paul , F.-F. , and Leclercq , G. An Overview of Kinetic and Spectroscopic Investigations on Three-Way Catalysts: Mechanistic Aspects of the CO + NO and CO + N 2 O Reactions Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemnical 228 1-2 2005 241 253 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcata.2004.09.081
- Whittington , B.I. , Jiang , C.J. , and Trimm , D.L. Vehicle Exhaust Catalysis: I. The Relative Importance of Catalytic Oxidation, Steam Reforming and Water-Gas Shift Reactions Catalysis Today 26 1 1995 41 45 https://doi.org/10.1016/0920-5861(95)00093-U
- Lyubovsky , M. , Pfefferle , L. Complete Methane Oxidation Over Pd Catalyst Supported on α-alumina. Influence of Temperature and Oxygen Pressure on the Catalyst Activity Catalysis Today 47 29 44 1999 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0920-5861(98)00281-8
- Schilling , C. , Hofmann , A. , Hess , C. , and Ganduglia-Pirovano , M.V. Raman Spectra of Polycrystalline CeO 2 : A Density Functional Theory Study J. Phys. Chem. C 121 38 2017 20834 20849 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.7b06643
- Uchida , H. , Yamaseki , K. , and Takahashi , I. NO x Reduction with Methane Over Mordenite Supported Palladium Catalyst Catalysis Today 29 1-4 1996 99 102 https://doi.org/10.1016/0920-5861(95)00286-3
- Duprez , D. , Descorme , C. , Birchem , T. , and Rohart , E. Oxygen Storage and Mobility on Model Three-Way Catalysts Topics in Catalysis 16 2001 49 56 https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016622612521
- Wunsch , R. , Schön , C. , Frey , M. , Tran , D. et al. Detailed Experimental Investigation of the NO x Reaction Pathways of Three-Way Catalysts with Focus on Intermediate Reactions of NH 3 and N 2 O Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 272 2020 118937 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2020.118937
- Odaka , M. , Koike , N. , and Suzuki , H. Influence of Catalyst Deactivation on N 2 O Emissions from Automobiles Chemosphere - Global Change Science 2 3-4 2000 413 423 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1465-9972(00)00042-8
- Möller , R. , Votsmeier , M. , Onder , C. , Guzzella , L. , Gieshoff , J. Is Oxygen Storage in Three-Way Catalysts an Equilibrium-Controlled Process? Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 91 30 38 2009 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2009.05.003
- Shelef , M. and Graham , G.W. Why Rhodium in Automotive Three-Way Catalysts? Catalysis Reviews 36 3 1994 433 457 https://doi.org/10.1080/01614949408009468
- Santos , H. , Costa , M. The Relative Importance of External and Internal Transport Phenomena in Three-Way Catalysts International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 51 1409 1422 2008 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2007.11.005