This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
A Study on Functional Safety, SOTIF and RSS from the Perspective of Human-Automation Interaction
Technical Paper
2021-01-0858
ISSN: 0148-7191, e-ISSN: 2688-3627
This content contains downloadable datasets
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Event:
SAE WCX Digital Summit
Language:
English
Abstract
As perhaps the primary conduit of the physical expression of human freedom of movement, transportation in its various forms plays a critical role in human society. The availability of ready transport has shaped the fabric, infrastructure, and, to some degree, even the culture of whole human society. Now, automated driving, in various forms of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) and self-driving systems, is promising a safe, efficient, and productive life to humans by relieving driver from active driving tasks in the context of road transportation. However, recent high-profile crashes, e.g., fatalities involving Uber test autonomous vehicle or Tesla car, have undermined the automated-driving promise of enhanced safety. On the other hand, in automotive industry, there are safety approaches like ISO 26262 and others in-development which all are expected to mitigate the safety risk resulting from automated driving. This contribution firstly reviewed the emerging human-automation interaction issues relating to automated-driving safety. Then, with the respect to these issues, the relevant automotive safety approaches - ISO 26262, ISO 21448 (Safety of the Intended Functionality, SOTIF) and RSS (Responsibility-Sensitive Safety model), were discussed to highlight the blind spots in them which may impair the safety promise of automated driving where now machine learning mechanisms are prevalent. Next, we briefly introduced the system-thinking tools in human factors discipline which are expected to enhance automated-driving technology to address human-automation interaction issues. Finally, we concluded the findings and argued that automated-driving safety risks should be managed not only from technological perspective but also from human-factors perspective, and the philosophy of human use of driving automation can benefit the development of a safe, reliable, and trustworthy Automated Driving System (ADS).
Recommended Content
Authors
Topic
Citation
Zhang, Y., Lintern, G., Gao, L., and Zhang, Z., "A Study on Functional Safety, SOTIF and RSS from the Perspective of Human-Automation Interaction," SAE Technical Paper 2021-01-0858, 2021, https://doi.org/10.4271/2021-01-0858.Data Sets - Support Documents
Title | Description | Download |
---|---|---|
Unnamed Dataset 1 |
Also In
References
- https://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/road_safety_status/2018/en
- National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA)’s National Center for Statistics and Analysis Oct. 2017 http://www.nhtsa.gov/press-release/usdot-release-2016-fatal-traffic-crash-data
- European Commission https://circabc.europa.eu/sd/a/3e06f7bf-2719-4be1-9f24-ba6b2975d7eb/Discussion%20Paper%20-%20rev.1%2004-05-2015.pdf
- Gkartzonikas , C. and Gkritza , K. What Have We Learned? A Review of Stated Preference and Choice Studies on Autonomous Vehicles Transportation Research Part C 2019 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2018.12.003
- Zoellick , J. , Kuhlmey , A. , Schenk , L. , Schindel , D. , and Blüher , S. Amused, Accepted, and Used? Attitudes and Emotions towards Automated Vehicles, Their Relationships, and Predictive Value for Usage Intention Transportation Research Part F 2019 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2019.07.009
- Lee , J. and Kolodge , K. Exploring Trust in Self-Driving Vehicles through Text Analysis Human Factors 2019 10.1177/0018720819872672
- Euro NCAP https://www.euroncap.com/en/vehicle-safety/safety-campaigns/2020-assisted-driving-tests/
- Hawkins , A. https://www.theverge.com/2020/2/26/21142685/california-dmv-self-driving-car-disengagement-report-data 2020
- Hancock , P. , Nourbakhshc , I. , and Stewartd , J. On the Future of Transportation in an Era of Automated and Autonomous Vehicles Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS) 116 16 2019 www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1805770115
- SAE International Surface Vehicle Recommended Practice Taxonomy and Definitions for Terms Related to Driving Automation Systems for On-Road Motor Vehicles SAE Standard J3016 Sep. 2016
- Stayton , E. and Stilgoe , J. It’s Time to Rethink Levels of Automation for Self-Driving Vehicles IEEE Technology and Society Magazine Sep. 2020 10.1109/MTS.2020.3012315
- Hancock , P. Some Pitfalls in the Promises of Automated and Autonomous Vehicles Ergonomics 62 4 479 495 2019 10.1080/00140139.2018.1498136
- National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) 2020 https://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/AccidentReports/Reports/HAR2001.pdf
- Stilgoe , J. Machine Learning, Social Learning and the Governance of Self-Driving Cars Social Studies of Science 48 1 25 26 2018 10.1177/0306312717741687
- Watzenig , D. and Horn , M. Automated Driving - Safer and More Efficient Future Driving Switzerland Springer International Publishing 2017 10.1007/978-3-319-31895-0
- Maurer , M. , Christian Gerdes , J. , Lenz , B. , and Winner , H. Autonomous Driving - Technical, Legal and Social Aspects Springer Open 10.1007/978-3-662-48847-8
- Koopman , P. 2018 https://users.ece.cmu.edu/~koopman/pubs/koopman18_safecomp.pdf
- LeCun , Y. The Power and Limits of Deep Learning Research-Technology Management 2018 61 6 22 27
- Koopman , P. and Wagner , M. Autonomous Vehicle Safety: An Interdisciplinary Challenge IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Magazine 2017 10.1109/MITS.2016.2583491
- Salmon , P. , McClure , R. , and Stanton , N. Road Transport in Drift? Applying Contemporary Systems Thinking to Road Safety Safety Science 50 2012 1829 1838 2012 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2012.04.011
- Grabbe , N. , Kellnberger , A. , Aydin , B. , and Bengler , K. Safety of Automated Driving: The Need for a Systems Approach and Application of the Functional Resonance Analysis Method Safety Science 126 2020 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2020.104665
- Favarò , F. , Nader , N. , Eurich , S. , Tripp , M. , and Varadaraju , N. Examining Accident Reports Involving Autonomous Vehicles in California PLOS One 12 9 2017 https://doi.org/10.1371/
- Biever , W. , Angell , L. , and Seaman , S. Automated Driving System Collisions: Early Lessons Human Factors 2019 10.1177/0018720819872034
- Boggs , A. , Wali , B. , and Khattak , A. Exploratory Analysis of Automated Vehicle Crashes in California: A Text Analytics & Hierarchical Bayesian Heterogeneity-Based Approach Accident Analysis & Prevention 2020 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2019.105354
- Ballingall , S. , Sarvi , M. , and Sweatman , P. Safety Assurance Concepts for Automated Driving Systems SAE Technical Paper 2020-01-0727 https://doi.org/10.4271/2020-01-0727
- International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 2018
- ISO 2019
- Shalev-shwartz , S. , Shammah , S. , and Shashua , A. 2018 https://arxiv.org/pdf/1708.06374.pdf
- Thatcher , A. , Nayak , R. , and Waterson , P. Human Factors and Ergonomics Systems-Based Tools for Understanding and Addressing Global Problems of the Twenty-First Century Ergonomics 2019 https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2019.1646925
- Janssen , C. , Donker , S. , Brumby , D. , and Kun , A. History and Future of Human-Automation Interaction International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 131 99 107 2019 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2019.05.006
- Endsley , M. From Here to Autonomy: Lessons Learned from Human-Automation Research Human Factors 59 1 2017 10.1177/0018720816681350
- Mohseni , S. , Pitale , M. , Singh , V. , and Wang , Z. 2019 https://arxiv.org/pdf/1912.09630.pdf
- Evtimov , I. , Eykholt , K. , Fernandes , E. , Kohno , T. , Li , B. , Prakash , A. , Rahmati , A. , and Song , D. 2017 https://arxiv.org/pdf/1707.08945.pdf
- Cummings , M. 2020 http://hal.pratt.duke.edu/sites/hal.pratt.duke.edu/files/u39/2020-min.pdf
- Lintern , G. Work-Focused Analysis and Design Cognition, Technology & Work 14 1 71 81 2017 10.1007/s10111-010-0167-y
- Bainbridge , L. Ironies of Automation Automatica 19 6 775 779 1983
- Gaspar , J. and Carney , C. The Effect of Partial Automation on Driver Attention: A Naturalistic Driving Study Human Factors 2019 10.1177/0018720819836310
- Greenlee , E. , DeLucia , P. , and Newton , D. Driver Vigilance in Automated Vehicles: Effects of Demands on Hazard Detection Performance Human Factors 2018 10.1177/0018720818761711
- Casner , S. and Hutchins , E. What Do We Tell the Drivers? Toward Minimum Driver Training Standards for Partially Automated Cars Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making 2019 10.1177/1555343419830901
- NTSB 2019
- NTSB 2019
- Feth , P. , Adler , R. , Fukuda , T. , Ishigooka , T. , and Otsuka , S. et al. Multi-Aspect Safety Engineering for Highly Automated Driving 2018 Gallina , B. , Skavhaug , A. , Bitsch , F. Computer Safety, Reliability, and Security. SAFECOMP 2018 Lecture Notes in Computer Science 11093 Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99130-6_5
- Serna , J. , Diemert , S. , Millet , L. , Debouk , R. et al. Bridging the Gap between ISO 26262 and Machine Learning: A Survey of Techniques for Developing Confidence in Machine Learning Systems SAE Technical Paper 2020-01-0738 2020 https://doi.org/10.4271/2020-01-0738
- Mohseni , S. , Pitale , M. , Singh , V. , and Wang , Z. 2019 https://arxiv.org/pdf/1912.09630.pdf
- Huang , X. , Kroening , D. , Ruan , W. , Sharp , J. et al. A Survey of Safety and Trustworthiness of Deep Neural Networks: Verification, Testing, Adversarial Attack and Defence, and Interpretability Computer Science Review 2020 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosrev.2020.100270
- Endsley , M. Autonomous Driving Systems: A Preliminary Naturalistic Study of the Tesla Model S Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making 2017 10.1177/1555343417695197
- Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) News https://www.iihs.org/news/detail/drivers-let-their-focus-slip-as-they-get-used-to-partial-automation
- Thomas , J. , Sguelia , J. , Suo , D. , Leverson , N. et al. An Integrated Approach to Requirements Development and Hazard Analysis SAE Technical Paper 2015-01-0274 2015 https://doi.org/10.4271/2015-01-0274
- Leverson , N. Engineering A Safer World: Systems Thinking Applied to Safety Cambridge, MA MIT Press 2011
- Canellas , M. , and Haga , R. 2020 https://arxiv.org/pdf/2003.00326.pdf
- Shetty , A. , Yu , M. , Kurzhanskiy , A. , Grembek , O. , and Varaiya , P. 2020 https://arxiv.org/pdf/2006.03987.pdf
- Koopman , P. , Osyk , B. , and Weast , J. 2019 http://users.ece.cmu.edu/~koopman/pubs/Koopman19_Safecomp_RSS.pdf
- Davies , A. 2016 https://www.wired.com/2016/02/googles-self-driving-car-may-caused-first-crash/
- Banks , V. and Stanton , N. Automobile Automation - Distributed Cognition on the Road Taylor & Francis Group CRC Press 2017
- Shinar , D. Traffic Safety and Human Behavior Second UK Emerald Publishing Limited 2017
- Edge Case Research https://edge-case-research.com/ul4600/
- NHTSA 2020 https://public-inspection.federalregister.gov/2020-25930.pdf
- Stilgoe , J. Self-Driving Cars Will Take a While to Get Right Nature Machine Intelligence. 2019 10.1038/s42256-019-0046-z
- Lintern , G. Jens Rasmussen's Risk Management Framework Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science. 2019 10.1080/1463922X.2019.1630495
- Abdulkhaleq , A. , Lammering , D. , Wagner , S. , Rober , J. et al. A Systematic Approach Based on STPA for Developing a Dependable Architecture for Fully Automated Driving Vehicles 4th European STAMP Workshop 2016, Procedia Engineering 179 41 51 2017 10.1016/j.proeng.2017.03.094
- France , M. 2015 http://sunnyday.mit.edu/megan-thesis.pdf
- Rasmussen , J. , Pejtersen , A. , and Goodstein , L. Cognitive Systems Engineering New York Wiley 1994
- Vicente , K. Cognitive Work Analysis: Toward Safe, Productive, and Healthy Computer-Based Work New Jersey Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. 1999
- Lintern , G. 2013 cognitivesystemsdesign.net
- Allison , C.K. and Stanton , N.A. Using Cognitive Work Analysis to Inform Policy Recommendations to Support Fuel-Efficient Driving Stanton , N.A. Advances in Human Aspects of Transportation Cham Springer Nature 2018 376 385
- Zhang , Y. , Lintern , G. , Gao , L. , and Zhang , Z. Conceptualization of Human Factors in Automated Driving by Work Domain Analysis SAE Technical Paper 2020-01-1202 2020 https://doi.org/10.4271/2020-01-1202